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Lacustrine sediments & environments

Lacustrine sediments & environments. Applied mapping models. Objectives. Discuss & demonstrate how NCSS mapping models have been applied in specific lacustrine depositional environments. Case Studies Tulare Lake basin, Kings county, CA Proglacial Lake Agassiz, MN & ND Lake Erie, Ohio.

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Lacustrine sediments & environments

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  1. Lacustrine sediments & environments Applied mapping models

  2. Objectives • Discuss & demonstrate how NCSS mapping models have been applied in specific lacustrine depositional environments. • Case Studies • Tulare Lake basin, Kings county, CA • Proglacial Lake Agassiz, MN & ND • Lake Erie, Ohio

  3. Case Study #1: Tulare Lake Basin

  4. Tulare Lake Originally, one of the largest lakes in CA Most of source water has been diverted. Still subject to flooding/ponding. Sources of Tulare Lake Note presence of both deranged & artificial drainage systems Surface outlet?

  5. Landscape/landform discussion:San Joaquin Valley & Tulare Lake • San Joaquin • A single landscape, or multiple? • Tulare lake • Landscape, or Landform(s)?

  6. Soil Survey model(s) of Tulare Lake • MLRA • STATSGO (general soil map) • SSURGO

  7. Regional MLRA model for Tulare Lake area Nested within Sacramento & San Joaquin Valleys (MLRA17) Tulare Lake

  8. Stratigraphy & hydrology of Tulare Lake Basin Many interesting features; note especially Corcoran Clay

  9. Artesian well (Jim R. take note!) 1883 view of Tulare Lake

  10. STATSGO (GSM) model for Tulare Lake a single delineation of a unit, with only one named series

  11. SSURGO model Tulare clay map unit highlighted

  12. Tulare Lake historic boundary “about 190 feet” (Arroues & Anderson, 1986). Roughly coincident w Tulare clay map unit boundary. Question: why isn’t it “exactly” the same? (i.e., 190’ iso-line = Tulare MU boundary?)

  13. Tulare Lake historic high water level > 40’ deep near NW shore. Known to evaporate completely in some years (even before agriculture). Fluctuate up to 28’ year to year (1853 reference). Conclusion: many soils potentially affected by historic lacustrine influence.

  14. Characteristics of Tulare clay • FluvaquenticVerticEndoaquolls • Fine, smectitic, calcareous, thermic • Clay throughout • pH 8.0 to 8.3 • TL pedon • 15-20% disseminated CaCO3 throughout • TL pedon • No depth trend • Shell fragments w depth

  15. Variability model for “Tulare clay, partially drained” map unit *”These areas are partially drained and are near the basin rim.” From hard-copy county soil survey (Arroues & Anderson, 1986).

  16. Basin Rim soils Lakeside - Haploxerolls (fine-loamy) - Csa horizons Homeland - Fluvaquents (sandy) - Na, Ca in C horizons - dunes S of lake Houser - Fluvaquents (fine, calcareous) - Bgnyz horizons Armona - Endoaquolls (fine-loamy, calcareous) - Bkgnz horizons Gepford - Natraquerts (fine) - Bkg horizons Source: SSURGO (Arroues & Anderson, 1986)

  17. Lacustrine mapping models case study #2: proglacial Lake Agassiz

  18. Proglacial lake: “…formed just beyond the margin of an advancing or retreating glacier; generally in direct contact with the ice.”

  19. Lake Agassiz: variable in space and time

  20. Lake Agassiz sequence (Clayton & Moran, 1982) Phases M, N: 11,300 BP

  21. Phases O, P, Q: 11,100 BP

  22. Phase R: 10,900 BP

  23. Low-water phase during Superior lobe retreat

  24. Phase S: 9,900 BP

  25. Discussion Based on the complex history of Lake Agassiz, what effects might we expect on: - landscapes - landforms - soil variability that affects our mapping models

  26. Documented geomorphic features associated with Lake Agassiz • Multiple shorelines (50 identified?) • Beach ridges • 3 major deltas • Associated dunes • Iceberg Grooves • Up to 6 miles long, 3-10’ deep, 100’ wide. • Icebergs being blown over the surface of the lake, dragging in the soft sediment. • Spring pits • Irregular depressions up to 1 mile wide, 15’ deep. • Saline water, from underlying sandstones. • Differential compaction ridges • Stream channel gravel deposits on lake bed, • Covered w lacustrine sediments by subsequent lake stages, • Differential settling (lacustrine sediments consolidate when drying; skeletal alluvium does not) creates ridges.

  27. MLRA Model for Lake Agassiz - split between 2 MLRAs

  28. GSM model of Lake Agassiz: ND portion 33 soil map unit associations

  29. Source: Keith Anderson, Dave Zimmermann, Manuel Matos

  30. Focus on Grand Forks county, ND Mapping referenced by Daniels & Hammer (1992)

  31. What are the landscapes associated with the lacustrine environment shown here? Pembina escarpment From 1981 soil survey: “physiographic features”

  32. Physiographic features and the 30m DEM

  33. GSM units within the MLRA for Grand Forks county 16 different units – ouch! Can we combine some?

  34. Main lacustrine soils in Grand Forks county SS

  35. Lacustrine soils summary • Ojata • Fi-siTypicCalciaquolls • Very Saline • “…on low lying flats and in sloughs and swales…” • Bearden • Fi-siAericCalciaquolls • Non-saline phase • “…on glacial lake plains…” • Saline phase • “…on long narrow swells & swales….more saline on the swells…” • Glyndon • Co-siAericCalciaquolls • “…broad flats and in swales…”

  36. Arvila area (central Grand Forks county). What lacustrine features can we see?

  37. Interbeach (lacustrine over till) Beach ridges Kettles (ice-blocks; rafted/deposited)

  38. Some of the major beach (ridge) soils in Grand Forks county

  39. Beach (Ridge) Soils Summary • Sioux • Sandy-skeletal EnticHapludolls • “…crest and shoulders of knolls, ridges and breaks to valleys on till plains, delta plains, and beaches.” • Arvilla • Sandy CalcicHapludolls • “…on delta plains and beaches…” • Wyndmere • Coarse-loamy AericCalciaquolls • “…broad flats on delta plains and in the lower lying slightly convex areas on beaches.”

  40. Discussion What landform terms might be used for the Lake Plain and Shore Complex landscapes in Grand Forks county?

  41. Potential Landforms: (see GDS for “Lacustrine”): backshore AZ lakebed (water body)LB bar BR lake plain (also Landscape) LP barrier beach BB lake terrace LT barrier flat BF lake terrace LT barrier island BI longshore bar [relict] LR bay [coast] (water body; also LF)-- mud flat MF beach BE oxbow lake (ephemeral) OL beach plain BP playa PL beach ridge BG playa floor (also Micro.) -- beach terrace BT playa rim (also Micro.)-- berm BM playa slope (also Micro.) – bluff BN pluvial lake (relict) PQ delta DE raised beach RA delta plain (also LS) DC reworked lake plain -- flat FL sabkha -- flood-plain playa FY salt marsh SM foredune FD shoal (relict) SE headland HE shore -- island (also Landscape) -- spit SP karst lake -- stack [coast] -- lagoon [relict] WI strand plain SS lakebed [relict]LB till-floored lake plain --

  42. One more (brief!) example… Note area affected by lacustrine environment How does this compare to: MLRAs STATSGO

  43. MLRAs in Ohio Erie-Huron Lake Plain MLRA

  44. MLRA Map of Ohio MLRA Map Lake Plain vs Glacial Map Lacustrine Fairly close MLRA doesn’t extend E along Lake Erie

  45. STATSGO units in the Erie-Huron Lake Plain MLRA nested in MLRA Lots of units

  46. STATSGO vs Glacial Maps Good, but not exact, match Lake Deposit area appears more complex (more STATSGO units) Lake deposits Wave-planed ground moraine

  47. Questions? • Comments? • Experiences in mapping lacustrine environments?

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