Do now: Immigration Policy in the US

1. Do now: Immigration Policy in the US • 1) What is our “immigration policy” in the United States today? • 2) What are some issues that effect immigration policy? • 3) Do you think our policies toward immigration need to be more strict, more lenient, or should they stay the same? Explain your answer

2. Immigrants: We Get the Job Done!: Video Questions • This song was designed to represent the “immigrant” experience in the United States in 2016. Based on the lyrics you see and hear, describe that experience. • Do you think this song is an accurate portrayal of the US immigrant experience? Explain your answer? • How do you think the immigrant experience in the United States has changed since 1776? Since 1900? Since 2015? • Based on the message of this song what can we do as Americans to improve the immigrant experience? What changes can we make politically, socially etc…?

3. Chapter 7-Immigration and Urbanization1865-1915 Immigration from Europe, Asia, Mexico, and the Caribbean forces cities to confront overcrowding. Local and national political corruption sparks calls for reform.

4. Chapter 7-1:The New Immigrants Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reach a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

5. Through the “golden Door” Millions of Immigrants Some immigrants seek better lives, others temporary jobs Europeans • 1870–1920, about 20 million Europeans arrive in U.S. • Many flee religious persecution: Jews driven from Russia by pogroms • Population growth results in lack of farmland, industrial jobs • Reform movements, revolts influence young who seek independent lives; others temporary jobs

6. Through the Golden Door (Continued) Chinese and Japanese • About 300,000 Chinese arrive; earliest one attracted by gold rush • work in railroads, farms, mines, domestic service, business • Japanese work on Hawaiian plantations, then go to West Coast • by 1920, more than 200,000 on West Coast The West Indies and Mexico • About 260,000 immigrants from West Indies; most seek industrial jobs • Mexicans flee political turmoil; after 1910, 700,000 arrive • National Reclamation Act creates farmland, draws Mexican farmers

7. Immigration entryways Ellis Island Angel Island Immigrant processing station in San Francisco Bay Main entry point for Chinese, Japanese and other Asian immigrants 1892-1924 about 1 million immigrants processed • Chief U.S. immigration station, in New York Harbor • Main entry point for European immigrants • 1892–1924, about 17 million immigrants processed at Ellis Island

8. Life in the new land A Difficult Journey • Almost all immigrants travel by steamship, most in steerage Cooperation for Survival • Immigrants must create new life: find work, home, learn new ways • Many seek people who share cultural values, religion, language • ethnic communities form • Friction develops between “hyphenated” Americans, native-born

9. Immigration Restrictions The Rise of Nativism • Melting pot - in U.S. people blend by abandoning native culture • immigrants don’t want to give up cultural identity • Nativism- overt favoritism toward native-born Americans • Nativists believe Anglo-Saxons superior to other ethnic groups • Some object to immigrants’ religion: many are Catholics, Jews • 1897, Congress passes literacy bill for immigrants; Cleveland vetoes • 1917, similar bill passes over Wilson’s veto

10. Immigration Restrictions Continued…. Anti-Asian Sentiment • Nativism finds foothold in labor movement, especially in West • fear Chinese immigrants who work for less • Labor groups exert political pressure to restrict Asian immigration • 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act bans entry to most Chinese The Gentlemen’s Agreement • Nativist fears extend to Japanese, most Asians in early 1900s • San Francisco segregates Japanese schoolchildren • Gentlemen’s Agreement —Japan limits emigration • in return, U.S. repeals segregation

11. Notebook Activity: Analyzing political Cartoons Cartoon 1 • What symbols are used in this political cartoon? • 2) What message is this cartoon implying about immigration? • 3) Does this image represent the reality of US immigration policy in the 1880’s?

12. Political Cartoon #2 • What symbols are used in this political cartoon? • How are Irish Immigrants represented in this cartoon? • What message does this cartoon give about US Immigration in the 1880’s? • Do you feel that this cartoon gives an accurate representation of US immigration policy in the 1880’s?

13. Political Cartoon #3 • What symbols are used in this political cartoon? • What ethnic groups are represented in this cartoon? Are the ethnic groups represented accurately? • What message is this cartoon sending about US immigration policy? • Do you feel this cartoon is an accurate depiction of US immigration policy in 1880s?

14. What symbols are used in this cartoon and what do they represent? • What message is this cartoon trying to portray about US immigration policy in 2016? • How can we compare this to our immigration cartoons from the 1880’s? • Do you feel this cartoon accurately portrays American immigration policy today? Political Cartoon 4: Modern Day

15. Activity: Design your own immigration cartoon. • Using the provided rubric your job is to draw/design your own political cartoon depicting US laws/attitudes towards immigration. This depiction can be of modern policies or policies from the 1800’s that we discussed today. • Be sure to label all the parts of your cartoon, have a creative title, and include a one paragraph (5-7 sentence) explaination of your cartoon

16. Homework • Political Cartoon Due Monday: Turn in WITH rubric • Reflection Question 7.1: • Which group of immigrants do you think faced the greatest challenges in the United States? Explain your answer.

17. Do Now: Nativism and Immigration • 1) What is nativism? • 2) What kinds of problems could have been or were caused by nativism in the United States in 1880? • 3) Do we still have nativism today? If so what is your evidence? If not, explain why.

18. Great American Melting Pot: Video Questions • 1) What is the overall message of the song about the United States and it’s attitude towards immigration? • 2) Compare this message to the information from your notes last class? What is similar? What is different? • 3) How could this song have been made a more accurate portrayal of US immigration policy?

19. Chapter 7-2: The Challenges of Urbanization The rapid growth of cities force people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation.

20. Urban Opportunities Immigrants Settle in Cities • Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities • Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs • Americanization movement -assimilate people into main culture • Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills • English, American history, cooking, etiquette • Ethnic communities provide social support Migration from Country to City • Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities • Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood • 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence • Find segregation, discrimination in North too • Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

21. Urban Problems Housing • Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses • Later, row houses built for single families • Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house • Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Transportation • Mass transit —move large numbers of people along fixed routes • By 20th century, transit systems link city to suburbs

22. Urban Problems Continued… Water • 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare • Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Sanitation • Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection • Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses • often do not do job properly • By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

23. Urban Problems Continued Crime • As population grows, thieves flourish • Early police forces too small to be effective Fire • Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters • Most firefighters volunteers, not always available • 1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments • Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

24. Reformers mobilize The Settlement House Movement • Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty • Social Gospel movement —preaches salvation through service to poor • Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants • Run by college-educated women, they: • provide educational, cultural, social services • send visiting nurses to the sick • help with personal, job, financial problems • Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 .

25. Activity: Urbanization and Immigration Mural project • In groups of 3-4 you will be working on an immigration and urbanization mural project. • The goal of the project is to illustrate the magnitude of issues and problems that occurred with immigration and urbanization in the 1880’s. • You MUST fit everything on one sheet of paper and you must label every single item on the page. • Project will be graded on completion as well as creativity. • We will have 2-3 class periods to work on this in class. Expect no more than 25-45 minutes per class

26. Homework • Reflection Question 7.2: • Which solution (or attempted solution) to an urban problem discussed in this section do you think had the most impact? Why? Work on urbanization mural/city planning. Bring any supplies you need to class on Wednesday

27. Do Now • 1) Name 3 urban problems that arose with mass urbanization in the 1880’s • 2) What solutions could be drafted to help with these problems?

28. Chapter 7-3: Politics in the Guilded age Local and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform

29. The Emergence of Political Machines The Political Machine • Political machine —organized group that controls city political party • Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support • After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss The Role of the Political Boss • Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he: • controls access to city jobs, business licenses • influences courts, municipal agencies • arranges building projects, community services • Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence Immigrants and the Machine • Many captains, bosses 1st - or 2nd -generation Americans • Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing

30. Municipal Graft and Scandal Election Fraud and Graft • Machines use electoral fraud to win elections • Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain • Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities The Tweed Ring Scandal • 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads Tammany Hall in NYC • Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars • Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage • Tweed Ring broken in 1871

31. Civil Service Replaces Patronage Patronage Spurs Reform • Patronage—government jobs to those who help candidate get elected • Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs • Some appointees not qualified; some use position for personal gain • Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service

32. Civil Service Replaces Patronage Continued… Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected president 1876 • names independents to cabinet • creates commission to investigate corruption • fires 2 officials; angers Stalwarts • 1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election • Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is vice-president • Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed • As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law • Pendleton Civil Service Act —appointments based on exam score

33. Business buys influence Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs • Business wants high tariffs; Democrats want low tariffs • 1884, Democrat Grover Cleveland wins; cannot lower tariffs • 1888, Benjamin Harrison becomes president, supports higher tariffs • wins passage of McKinley Tariff Act • 1892, Cleveland reelected, supports bill that lowers McKinley Tariff • rejects bill that also creates income tax • Wilson-Gorman Tariff becomes law 1894 • 1897, William McKinley becomes president, raises tariffs again

34. Activity • Continue work on your Immigration and Urbanization Mural. Projects due at the end of class next class period

35. Homework • Ch 7 Vocab Quiz next class. • Murals due next class period. End of period.