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DNA/RNA

DNA/RNA . DNA. RNA. Watson & Crick. Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind Franklin. Rosalind Franklin. Chargaff’s Rule of Ratios. From analytic studies Edwin Chargaff (1952) determined that the: Amount of Adenine always equals the amount of Thymine

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DNA/RNA

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  1. DNA/RNA DNA RNA

  2. Watson & Crick

  3. Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind Franklin • Rosalind Franklin

  4. Chargaff’s Rule of Ratios From analytic studies Edwin Chargaff (1952) determined that the: • Amount of Adenine always equals the amount of Thymine • Amount of Cytosine always equals the amount of Guanine • The amount of A-T is independent of the amount of C-G Erwin Chargaff, an American biochemist

  5. DNA: replication and protein synthesis

  6. Where have we seen DNA being replicated? MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

  7. Building blocks of DNA: Nucleotides

  8. The sugar Deoxyribose The phosphate

  9. The nitrogenous bases The Purines Why are these called nitrogenous bases?

  10. The nitrogenous bases The Pyrimidines How are the pyrimidines different from the purines?

  11. Four different Nucleotides BASIC STRUCTURE

  12. DNA is a polymer formed by base pairing: Base pairing rule A pairs with T C pairs with G

  13. The Double Helix • The overall shape of DNA is described as a double helix (a twisted ladder). • What force holds the two strands together?

  14.  DNA Nucleotides Section 12-1 Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose

  15. DNA Replication • ANIMATION • ANIMATION DETAILED

  16. Enzymes involved in DNA replication • Helicase – opens the double helix to allow for replication • DNA polymerase – reads the original DNA strand and lays down complementary bases • Ligase – glues the newly formed DNA together

  17. DNA replication practice • You are DNA polymerase. Helicase has opened the DNA strand – read each side and produce the complementary copies. __________________________________ A G G T A A C C G G T T A C G A T T A T T C C A T T G G C C A A T G C T A A T A A G G T A A C C G G T T A C G A T T A T T C C A T T G G C C A A T G C T A A T A

  18. 12.2 (part 2) - The Structure of DNA • Solving the Structure of DNA • Three scientists who worked to solve the structure of DNA were Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick. Franklin found clues. These clues helped Watson and Crick explain the structure and properties of DNA.

  19. 12.2 (part 2) - The Structure of DNA • A Venn diagram is made up of overlapping circles. It is a useful tool for comparing two or even three topics. In the space where the circles overlap, write the features that the topics share. In the space where the circles do not overlap, write the features that are unique to each topic. • built a three-dimensional model of DNA • helped determine the shape of a DNA molecule • photographed DNA using X-ray diffraction • showed that DNA is a double helix • studied DNA’s structure and properties

  20. 12.2 (part 2) - The Structure of DNA • Complete the Venn diagram using phrasesfrom the word box. - studied DNA’s structure and properties helped determine the shape of a DNA molecule showed that DNA is a double helix photographed DNA using X-ray diffraction built a three-dimensional model of DNA

  21. How are DNA and RNA similar? • DNA is composed of nucleotides and RNA is composed of nucleotides

  22. IN YOUR NOTES TO PRACTICE BASE PAIRING RULES AGAIN __________________________________ A G T C C G T T A G T T C A G G C A A T C A

  23. Let’s Review • DNA Structure is a _____ ______ • DNA is composed of __________What are four that make up DNA? • A • T • C • G

  24. How are DNA and RNA different? • DNA… • Nucleotides = deoxyribose sugar • Double helix structure • Stays inside nucleus • RNA… • Nuleotides = ribose sugar • Single-strand structure • Located both inside and outside of nucleus • Uracil instead of thymine

  25. How are DNA and RNA different?

  26. Transcription • mRNA – stands for messenger RNA • it is the copy of the DNA message for making a protein • Occurs in the nucleus • Promoter region on DNA marks where transcription should start and terminator region marks where it should stop

  27. mRNA • Transcribes DNA message and carries it to ribosome • RNA polymerse is the enzyme that produces it CLICK ON PICTURE FOR ANIMATION ON TRANSCRIPTION

  28. mRNA • No T (thymine) so when it reads the nucleotide A on DNA it matches it with ____?

  29. Protein Synthesis= transcription and translation • DNA contains all the information for your traits – the genes • These genes are blueprints and need to remain safe – kept inside the nucleus • Copies can be made though – a messenger

  30. Genotype  Phenotype DNA mRNA tRNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation

  31. tRNA • Once mRNA is made it attaches to a ribosome • tRNA = transfer RNA and they carry amino acids • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins (remember?)

  32. Translation • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis • Click here to see mRNA and tRNA work together at that ribosome to build a protein

  33. Codon = mRNAAnti-codon = tRNA

  34. Comparing RNA & DNA X X X X X X X X

  35. Comparing RNA & DNA X X X X X X X

  36. Comparing RNA & DNA X X X X X X X

  37. Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA Section 12-1 Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

  38. Figure 12–14 Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNApolymerase DNA RNA

  39. Do Now Begin - RNA Concept Map can be also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to from to to make up

  40. DNA RNA Concept Map RNA can be mRNA rRNA tRNA also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to Brings amino acids to the ribosome Messenger RNA Carry instructions Ribosomal RNA Combine with protein Transfer RNA from to to make up Ribosomes Ribosomes

  41.  Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

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