Lección 7: Gramática

1. Lección 7: Gramática Pretérito de verbosregulares 2. Pretérito de SER, IR, y DAR 3. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto 4. El verbo GUSTAR 5. Construccionesreflexivas

2. Pretérito de verbosregulares (1) • Spanish has two simple past tenses: the preterit and the imperfect. The endings for -er and -ir verbs are identical. yotoméI took;  I did takeUd. comióyou ate; you did eatellosdecidieronthey decided; they did decide

3. Pretérito de verbosregulares (2) • Verbs ending in -ar and -er that are stem-changing in the present indicative are regular in the preterit. encontrar: túencuentras (present) túencontraste (preterit) volver: yovuelvo (present) yovolví (preterit)

4. Pretérito de verbosregulares (3) • Verbs ending in -gar, -car, and -zar change g to gu, c to qu, and z to cbefore é in the first person of the preterit. • pagar →pagué • buscar →busqué • empezar →empecé

5. Pretérito de verbosregulares (4) • Verbs whose stem ends in a strong vowel change the unaccented i of thepreterit ending to y in the third-person singular and plural of the preterit. • leer →leyó leyeron

6. Pretérito de verbosregulares (5) • The preterit tense refers to actions or events that the speaker views as completed in the past. • ¿Quécomprasteayer? • Compréun florero. • ¿QuécomieronUds.? • Comimosensalada.

7. Pretérito de verbosregulares (6) • Note that Spanish has no equivalent for the English did used as an auxiliary verb in questions and negative sentences. • ¿Encontraste el dinero? • “Did you find the money?” • No lo busqué. • “I didn’t look for it.”

8. Pretérito de SER, IR, y DAR (1)

9. Pretérito de SER, IR, y DAR (2) • ¿Fuiste al club ayer? Sí, fuiparacomprarropa. Papá me dio el dinero. • ¿Quiénfuetuprofesor de español? El Dr. Vega.

10. Pretérito de SER, IR, y DAR (3) • Note that ser and ir have identical preterit forms; however, there is no confusion as to meaning, because the context clarifies it.

11. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (1) • In addition to a subject and direct object, a sentence can have an indirect object. Ella les dael dinero a los muchachos.s.        v.       D.O.                I.O.What does she give? (el dinero)To whom does she give it? (a los muchachos)

12. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (2) Ella les dael dinero a los muchachos.s.        v.       D.O.                I.O. • In this sentence, ella is the subject who performs the action, el dinero is the direct object, and a los muchachos is the indirect object, the final recipient of the action expressed by the verb. • Indirect object nouns are for the most part preceded by the preposition a.

13. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (3) • An indirect object usually tells to whom or forwhom something is done.  Compare these sentences: Yovoy a mandarlo a México. (lo: direct object)I’m going to send him to Mexico. Yovoy a mandarledinero. (le: indirect object)I’m going to send him money. (I’m going to send money to him.)

14. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (4) • An indirect object pronoun can be used with or in place of the indirect object. In Spanish, the indirect object pronoun includes the meaning to or for. The forms of the indirect object pronouns are shown in the following table.

15. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (5) • Indirect object pronouns have the same form as direct object pronouns, except in the third person. • Indirect object pronouns are usually placed in front of the conjugated verb. Ledimosunapropina.         We gave him a tip.

16. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (6) • When used with an infinitive or in the present progressive, however, the indirect object pronoun may either be placed in front of the conjugatedverb or attached to the infinitive or the present participle. Levoy a escribirunacarta. (conj. verb)or:Voy a escribirleunacarta. (infinitive) I’m going to write you a letter.

17. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (7) • The indirect object pronouns le and les require clarification when the context does not specify the gender or the person to which they refer. Spanish provides clarification by using the preposition a + pronoun or noun. Ledoy la información. I give the information . . . but:  (to whom? to him? to her? to you?) Ledoy la informacióna ella. I give the information to her.

18. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementoindirecto (8) • The prepositional phrase provides clarification or emphasis; it is not, however, a substitute for the indirect object pronoun. While the prepositional form can be omitted, the indirect object pronoun must always be used. ¿Qué vas a comprarle a tuhija? Levoy a comprar un florero.

19. El verbo GUSTAR (1) • The verb gustar means to like something or somebody (literally, to be pleasing). A special construction is required in Spanish to translate the English to like. Note that the equivalent of the English direct object becomes the subject of the Spanish sentence. The English subject then becomes the indirect object of the Spanish sentence. I like your house. • Megustatucasa. s. D.O. I.O.             s. Your house is pleasing to me. s.                            I.O.

20. El verbo GUSTAR (2) Example: Megustatucasa. • Gustar is always used with an indirect object pronoun —in this example, me. • The two most commonly used forms of gustar are the third-person singular gusta if the subject is singular or if the verb is followed by one or more infinitives, and the third-person plural gustanif the subject is plural.

21. El verbo GUSTAR (3)

22. El verbo GUSTAR (4) • Note that gustar agrees in number with the subject of the sentence, that is, the person or thing being liked. Me gustanlasmanzanas.         Apples are pleasing to me. • The person who does the liking is the indirect object. Megustanlasmanzanas.         Apples are pleasing to me.

23. El verbo GUSTAR (5) Examples: - ¿Lesgusta el francés? “Do you like French?” - Sí, nosgustamucho el francés, peronosgusta más el español. “Yes, we like French very much, but we like Spanish better.” • Note that the words más and mucho immediately follow gustar.

24. El verbo GUSTAR (6) • The preposition a + a noun or pronoun is used to clarify meaning or to emphasize the indirect object. A Aurora (A ella) le gustaesapanadería, pero a mí no me gusta. A Beto y a Rosa les gustaeserestaurante. • If the thing liked is an action, the second verb is an infinitive: Me gustapatinar.

25. Construccionesreflexivas (1) • The reflexive construction (e.g., I introduce myself ) consists in Spanish of a reflexive pronoun and a verb. • Reflexive pronouns refer to the same person as the subject of the sentence does.

26. Construccionesreflexivas (2)

27. Construccionesreflexivas (3) • Reflexive pronouns are positioned in the sentence in the same manner as object pronouns. • Note that except for se, reflexive pronouns have the same forms as the direct and indirect object pronouns.

28. Construccionesreflexivas (4) • The third-person singular and plural se is invariable, that is, it does not show gender or number. • Any verb that can act upon the subject can be made reflexive in Spanish with the aid of a reflexive pronoun.

29. Construccionesreflexivas (5)

30. Construccionesreflexivas (6)

31. Construccionesreflexivas (7) • The following commonly used verbs are reflexive. aburrirseto get bored acostarse (o>ue) to go to bed afeitarse, rasurarseto shave bañarseto bathe despertarse (e>ie) to wake up divertirse (e>ie) to have fun

32. Construccionesreflexivas (8) • The following commonly used verbs are reflexive (cont.) lavarseto wash oneself levantarseto get up ponerseto put on probarse (o>ue) to try on quitarseto take off sentarse (e>ie) to sit down

33. Construccionesreflexivas (9) Ejemplos: - ¿A quéhorase levantanUds.? - Yome levantoa lasseis y Jorge se levanta a lasocho. - Uds. se levantaronmuytardehoy. - Sí, porqueanochenosacostamos a la medianoche.