Memory

1. Memory Terms and Definitions

2. Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter you will: • Understand memory-related terminology. • Be able to install and remove memory chips. • Understand how memory works with different operating systems. • Be able to optimize memory under different operating systems. • Be able to troubleshoot memory problems.

3. Memory Overview • Types of Memory: • RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory found on the motherboard and stores the operating system, the software applications, and the data being used by all of the software. • ROM (Read Only Memory) is a non-volatile type of memory that keeps data in chips even when the computer is shut off. • Types of RAM: • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is less expensive, but slower than SRAM. It requires periodic refreshing of the electrical charges holding the 1s and 0s. • SRAM (Static RAM) is faster but more expensive than DRAM. It is also known as cache memory or L2 cache.

4. Memory Overview • Memory Terms: • Refreshing – Periodically rewriting information to the memory chip. • Nanosecond – A billionth of a second. • Pipelining – The process by which microprocessors and memory obtain computer software instructions in a timely fashion. • Cache Memory – also known as SRAM – can be found on the motherboard, but normally is found inside the CPU. Cache memory holds the most frequently used data so the CPU does not return to the slower DRAM chips to obtain the data.

5. Memory Physical Packaging • Types of Memory Packaging: • DIP (Dual In-line Package) – A chip that has a row of legs running down each side. • SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module) – Available in 30-pin and 72-pin configurations. • DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) – 168-pin configuration and used in Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II or Pentium III motherboards. • DDR DIMM – 184-pin configuration and used in AMD Athlon computers, Pentium 4 computers, and high-end servers. • RIMM – Type of memory module used on video adapters and future motherboards.

6. Memory Physical Packaging • Methods of Error Checking: • Parity – A method for checking the accuracy of data going in or out of the memory chips. • Non-parity – Memory chips that do not use any error checking. • ECC (Error Correcting Code) – Uses a mathematical algorithm to detect up to four-bit memory errors and correct one-bit memory errors. • A computer system that uses parity must have parity memory installed.

7. Memory Physical Packaging Memory Chips Memory – Figure #1

8. Memory Physical Packaging 184-Pin DDR DIMM and RIMM Memory – Figure #2

9. Memory Chip Capacity • Most Common Memory Capacity • DIP chips • 64Kb, 256Kb, or 1MB • 30-Pin SIMM Modules • 256Kb, 512Kb, 1MB, 2MB, and 4MB • 72-Pin SIMM Modules • 4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, and 128MB • DIMM Modules • 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, and 1024MB • RIMM Modules • 64MB, 128MB, and 256MB

10. Identifying Chip Capacity and Speed • The only way to be certain of the capacity is to install the SIMM in a computer or research the manufacturer’s number on the internet. • Access Time – How fast information goes into a memory chip or is removed from the chip. • The lower the number of nanoseconds, the faster the access time of the memory chips.

11. Identifying Chip Capacity and Speed Chip Capacity Memory – Figure #3

12. Identifying Chip Capacity and Speed Memory Chip Access Time Memory – Figure #4

13. Memory Chip Technologies • Technology to provide faster DRAM speeds: • FPM (Fast Page Mode) • EDO (Extended Data Out) • BEDO (Burst EDO)

14. Memory Chip Technologies • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) provides very fast burst memory access by placing new memory address on the address bus before prior memory address retrieval and execution completes. • The PC100 SDRAM DIMMs are designed for the 100MHz front side bus. • The PC133 SDRAM DIMMs are designed for the 133MHz front side bus, but will work with the 100MHz motherboards. • SPD (Serial Presence Detect) is an extra EEPROM feature of SDRAM DIMM PC100 and PC133 standard that adjusts the motherboard timings for the best CPU and RAM performance. • Registered SDRAM or Buffered SDRAM delays all data transfers by one clock to ensure accuracy. It is used in network servers and higher end computers. • Unbuffered SDRAM is the memory type most often used in home computers and in low-to-medium powered computers. • VCM (Virtual Memory Channel) is a memory chip alternative to SDRAM that fits in DIMM slots. The motherboard chipset must support it.

15. Memory Chip Technologies • Other Types of RAM: • RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) – Developed by Rambus, Inc. and used in Pentium 4 computers and some video adapters. RDRAM is packaged in RIMMs. • When RIMMs are used, all memory slots must be filled. Put an C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM), which is a blank RIMM, in any empty slot. • DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM) – also called DDR SDRAM – Data can be transmitted on both sides of the clock signal (rising and falling edges). • VRAM (Video RAM) – A type of memory found on a video card. • WRAM (Windows RAM) – Dual-ported memory found on video adapters. • SGRAM (Synchronous Graphic Random Access Memory) – Used on video adapters and graphics accelerators and have special memory techniques that speed up graphics-intensive functions.

16. Memory Chip Technologies Memory – Table #2

17. Memory Banks • Bank or Memory Bank is one or more memory chips that work together to transfer data to and from the CPU and a device. • External Data Lines or External Data Path is the electronic lines that allow the microprocessor to communicate with external devices. • Parity Chip is a memory chip on a memory bank that checks for data accuracy.

18. Memory Banks 8088 Memory Banks Memory – Figure #6

19. Memory Banks 80386 Memory Banks Memory – Figure #7

20. Buying the Right 72-Pin SIMM • Purchasing the correct memory can be difficult. Advertisements for memory can often be confusing and even misleading. Always refer to your motherboard documentation for the correct type of memory to install with your computer.

21. Buying the Right 72-Pin SIMM Sample of 72-Pin SIMM Advertisements Memory – Figure #8

22. Populating Pentium and Higher Motherboards • Computers with a Pentium processor and SIMM sockets have two SIMMs that must be installed in one bank for the computer to operate. • Pentium Pro computers usually have one DIMM socket as a bank and two 72-Pin SIMM sockets for another bank of memory. • Pentium 4s ship with DIMM or RIMM sockets.

23. Populating Pentium and Higher Motherboards Pentium Memory Banks Memory – Figure #9

24. Populating Pentium and Higher Motherboards Pentium Memory – Figure #10

25. Buying the Right DIMM or RIMM • Be careful with purchasing DIMMs and always refer to the documentation. • DIMM Terminology: • CAS (Column Address Strobe) Latency is the amount of time that passes before the processor moves on to the next memory address. • RAS (Row Address Strobe) is a signal that selects a specific memory row.

26. Buying the Right DIMM or RIMM Sample 168-Pin DIMM Advertisements Memory – Figure #11

27. Buying the Right DIMM or RIMM Sample DDR RAM DIMM and RIMM Advertisements Memory – Figure #12

28. Memory Installation Rules • When you start a bank, fill a bank. • Use memory chips of the same capacity in a memory bank. • All the chips in a bank should have the same access speed, if possible. • All the chips in a bank should be of the same type, if possible. • Some manufacturers require that higher capacity chips be placed in the first bank. • Always refer to the motherboard documentation for memory installation requirements.

29. Start a Bank, Fill a Bank • When installing memory into a bank, do not leave any slot or socket of the bank empty.

30. Same Capacity Chips in Bank • Memory chips in a bank must work together. Each chip in the bank must hold the same number of bits as the other chips. • Two SIMM sockets require two equal capacity SIMMs to be installed. • Always refer to the motherboard documentation for installation requirements.

31. Same Access Speed • Never use a slower access speed chip as a replacement chip.

32. Same Chip Type • For best performance, use the same chip technology with all of the memory chips installed.

33. Higher Capacity Chips • If no documentation exists, try the higher capacity chips in the lower banks such as Bank 0 or Bank 1.

34. Memory Type, Size, and Capacity • If you are upgrading a computer’s memory and no documentation exists, look at the memory chips already installed for clues to access speeds, type, and size.

35. Laptop Memory • Types of Laptop Memory: • SO-DIMM (Small Outline-DIMM) – Special, smaller DIMM used in laptop computers. • SO-RIMM (Small Outline-RIMM) – Special, smaller RIMM used in laptop computers.

36. Flash Memory • Flash Memory is a type of non-volatile memory that holds data even when the computer power is off. • It is used with laptops because it is small, fast, and consumes little power. • PCs use flash memory as a replacement for the BIOS chip. • CompactFlash (CF) – is a small 50-pin removable storage device that allows speeds up to 16 MBps CF has two main standards, CompactFlash and CF+ • SmartMedia – A trademark of the Toshiba Corporation and is used in a variety of devices such as cameras, PDAs, musical instruments, printers, faxes, MP3 players, and scanners. There are two versions of SmartMedia cards – 3.3V and 5V. • USB flash drives – also called a memory stick – allows storage up to 1 GB with higher capacities expected.

37. Installing Memory Chips • Installation Steps: • Determine which chip capacities can be used for the system. • Determine how much memory is needed. • Determine what capacity chips go in each bank.

38. Removing/Installing Memory Chips • Before removing or installing memory chips, always refer to the documentation for you computer. • Use an anti-static wrist strap when removing or installing memory chips.

39. Removing a DIP Chip • Use a DIP chip extractor to remove a DIP chip from a motherboard, but be careful not to bend the DIP chip legs. • A small flat screwdriver may also be used to remove DIP chips from a motherboard.

40. Removing a DIP Chip DIP Chip Removal Memory – Figure #15

41. Removing a SIMM • To remove a SIMM, grasp the two clasps on either side of the socket with your thumbs resting on the inner side of the clasps and pry them away from the memory module. With your index finger, press the SIMM forward until it pulls away from the clasps.

42. Removing a SIMM SIMM Removal Memory – Figure #16

43. Removing a DIMM/RIMM • To remove a DIMM or a RIMM, push down on the outside edges of the DIMM’s retaining tabs. The DIMM/RIMM lifts slightly out of the socket.

44. Removing a DIMM/RIMM DIMM/RIMM Removal Memory – Figure #17

45. Installing a DIP Chip • To install a DIP chip, align the notch on the DIP chip with the notch on the motherboard. After ensuring that the legs are aligned with the socket, press down into place on the motherboard.

46. Installing a DIP Chip DIP Chip Installation Memory – Figure #18

47. Installing a SIMM • To install a SIMM, align the notch on the SIMM module with the plastic tab on the socket. Insert the SIMM at a tilt into the socket and press backwards into the socket until the clasps clamp against the memory module.

48. Installing a SIMM SIMM Notch and Socket Memory – Figure #19

49. Installing a SIMM SIMM Installation Memory – Figure #20

50. Installing a DIMM/RIMM • To install a DIMM or RIMM, align the notches on the DIMM/RIMM with the socket and press down until the tabs close on the memory module. • The following concepts summarize the most important memory installation steps: • Always refer to the motherboard or computer documentation before purchasing or installing memory. • Install SIMMs into Pentium or higher computers in groups of two. • When installing DIMMs, install one DIMM per bank. • When installing RIMMs, install one RIMM per bank and fill the empty banks with C-RIMMs. • When installing PC100 and PC133 SDRAM DIMMs, install one DIMM per bank. • When installing DDR SDRAM DIMMs, insert one DIMM per bank.