Which NFL team has played in the most Super Bowls?

1. Which NFL team has played in the most Super Bowls?

2. The Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys have each played in 8 of them. The Steelers have won six of those games (also a Super Bowl record). The Cowboys have a 5-3 record.

3. Madonna will be performing the halftime show at Super Bowl XLVI. Who performed the halftime show in Super Bowl I?

4. The Universities of Arizona and Michigan bands. There were no reported wardrobe malfunctions.

5. Hallmark also figures the average number of people attending a Super Shindig to be 17. 40 percent of those watching the game are not football fans

6. Estimated that 15 million pizzas were sold on Super Bowl Sunday. Domino's alone sold 1.5 million!

7. Shoulder Instability • No single structure is responsible for providing stability at the shoulder joint. • Instead, the bony structure of the joint surfaces, the ligaments, capsule and muscles are all key components in maintaining a stable shoulder joint yet permitting a large range of movement in several directions.

8. What is shoulder instability? • Instability is often associated with subluxation (partial dislocation of the shoulder joint), which may be associated with pain and / or dead arm sensation. Indeed this is often what prompts the athlete to seek medical attention. In some people, this is not actually painful but can be quite annoying and prevent them from taking part in daily activities or sports.

9. Shoulder Instability • Instability of the shoulder joint can be in one direction for example, anterior instability (out the front), posterior instability (out the back) or in more than one direction (known as multidirectional instability). • The most common form of instability seems to be anterior and is probably because the joint capsule is at its weakest at the front of the joint.

10. Causes of shoulder Instability and Subluxation • There are many reasons why a shoulder may become unstable. If the joint surfaces are shaped slightly differently – for example if the glenoid fossa is slightly flatter than usual, or the head of humerus is more of an oval shape – the joint may not be as stable compared with other people who have “normal” joint anatomy. • Other structures support the bony anatomy to help provide stability to the shoulder. These include: • Glenoid Labrum – a ring of cartilage which deepens the glenoid fossa, making the “cup” of the socket deeper and hence improving stability. • Joint Capsule – a membrane which encompasses the entire joint, providing stability but also maintaining the joint complex and holding the lubricating (synovial) fluid in the correct place. • Ligaments – holding the bones together and providing stability by preventing them from moving when they shouldn’t be. • Muscles – Work alongside the ligaments in preventing unwanted movement, but also initiate and create movement of the joint.

11. Instability may be caused by: • Trauma (traumatic instability) Usually due to a particular accident or injury which damages the structures that provide stability • Sometimes due to an old injury – for example an injury which weakens the capsule may cause instability – known as “post traumatic instability” • Joint Laxity (atraumatic instability) May be due to anatomical abnormalities generalized laxity (known as hypermobility) muscle weakness certain conditions, including pregnancy • Acute on chronic instability – a traumatic injury to an already lax joint

13. Tests for Shoulder InstabilityAnterior Drawer test • To examine the right shoulder, the surgeon stands behind the seated patient, grasps the shoulder girdle with his left hand, the fingers at the front holding the clavicle and coracoid, and the thumb locked over the back of the spine of the scapula. • The right hand then grasps the proximal humerus and forcefully translates the humerus forwards and backwards. • Excess laxity is judged against the opposite side.

14. The Sulcus Sign • The examiner applies downward traction on the arm by holding the wrist and distracting the arm downwards firmly but not roughly. • If the shoulder is interiorly unstable, a sulcus will appear between the acromion and the humeral head . • This sulcus is both visible and palpable. • The patient with a positive sulcus sign should be examined for generalized joint laxity.

15. Posterior Stress Test • with the patient lying supine the humerus is pushed out of the back into a subluxed position. • Load is then applied to the joint and the humerus brought from 90 degrees of flexion to 90 degrees of abduction, which will reduce the subluxation with a palpable jerk.

16. Multidirectional Instability (MDI) • results not from a traumatic event, but from a generalized laxity of the soft tissues. • These patients usually have hyperflexible joints. • This predisposes the shoulder capsule and ligaments, which normally would provide stability, to stretch out over time (thus leading to recurrent subluxations or dislocations). • With MDI, both the right and left shoulder are usually involved, whereas with traumatic instability only one shoulder is affected.

17. Common symptoms of chronic shoulder instability include: • Pain caused by shoulder injury • Repeated shoulder dislocations • Repeated instances of the shoulder giving out • A persistent sensation of the shoulder feeling loose, slipping in and out of the joint, or just "hanging there"

18. Exercises to Avoid • According to the American College of Sports Medicine, certain types of shoulder exercises can aggravate an unstable shoulder, and should be avoided. • These include overhead shoulder presses, upright rows that bring the weights above shoulder height, incline bench presses, lateral pull-downs with the bar behind the head and lateral raises with the thumbs facing down.

19. Exercise Modifications • Provided that there is no severe injury, certain upper body exercises can be modified to make them safer for people with shoulder instability. • the overhead shoulder press can be modified so that the arms are kept slightly in front of the shoulders. • When performing a bench press, as you lower the weights, keep them a few inches above the chest. • During the chest fly, keep the arms in front of the body, and perform the lat pull-down by bringing the bar in front of the body.

20. Misconceptions • Some of the common misconceptions about exercise technique can lead to shoulder instability. • Avoid exercises that involve an increased range of motion, such as those mentioned above, if you do them without the recommended modifications. • While some people believe an increased range of motion helps strengthen and tone the shoulder, when the muscle is in a fully stretched position, it is at its weakest. • Adding weight to this compromised position can result in tears or instability.

21. Types of Exercises • Although there are various types of shoulder stability exercises, those that support internal and external rotation are the most effective. • They are easily performed using a resistance band that is attached to a secure object. • Sets, repetition and training schedule will vary

22. Lateral Raises • Shoulder Lateral Raises primarily work the deltoids, while other shoulder stabilizing muscles assist. • Hold light dumbbells at your sides and slowly raise your arms out to the sides, keeping your palms down. • Stop when your arms have reached shoulder height, slowly lower and repeat.

23. Stability Ball Shoulder Stabilization • The Stability Ball Shoulder Stabilization exercises can be performed on a stability ball or lying face-down on an exercise bench. • Using the stability ball, place your stomach and hips on the ball with your feet on the ground. • Keep your body in a straight line and extend your arms straight out. • Draw your shoulder blades back and down. This first formation is "I." • Next, move your arms to form a "Y," then a "T" and lastly, a "W." • Repeat these formations, keeping your thumbs toward the ceiling the entire time.

24. Empty Can • The Empty Can exercise should be performed with little to no weight, initially. • Start with a water bottle (empty or full) in each hand. • While standing upright, rotate your arms as if emptying the bottles of water and raise them to 45 degrees creating a wide V off your body. Lower and repeat. • If you feel pain, reduce the weight or try performing on one side at a time.

26. External Rotation • External Rotation of the shoulder is performed in a manner similar to Internal Rotation, but will work different muscles as the resistance is in the opposite direction. • While lying on your side, use the arm on top and bend it to 90 degrees. • With or without a weight in your hand, rotate your arm out so that your hand points up toward the ceiling and your elbow remains at your side. • Slowly lower it back down toward your body and repeat until you experience fatigue. • Complete on both sides.

27. Internal Rotation • Internal Rotation exercises for the shoulder will strengthen multiple stabilizing muscles. • This exercise can be performed various ways, but the following can be done lying down without any weight initially. • Lie on your side with your bottom arm bent at 90 degrees slightly in front of you. • Start with your forearm touching the ground then pull your forearm up toward your body, while keeping your elbow on the ground. • Repeat for multiple repetitions on both sides until you feel fatigue. • If the exercise is too easy, place a light weight in your hand. • Even a can of soup or water bottle could work.

28. “Prehab” or “Rehab” You can use shoulder stabilizing exercises to prevent shoulder injury, an approach called "prehab." Or, you may need the exercises to treat an injury that's rehab.

29. Shoulder Braces