In deeds mediation, questions are open; in politics, then, why are they closed?

1. In deeds mediation, questions are open;in politics, then, why are they closed? The de Borda Institute www.deborda.org

2. MAJORITARIANISM • “Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule.” • “Democracy works on the basis of a decision by the majority.” • “Democracy is based on majority decision.”

3. SWEDEN – 1955Referendum: which side of the road shall we drive on? • Right 15.5% • Left 82.9% • Blank 1.6%

4. SELF-DETERMINATION “All peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status…” Article 1.1, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

5. DEMOCRATIC DICTATORS

6. THE QUESTION IS THE ANSWER

7. CANADA – QUEBECTHE ‘NEVER-END-UM’ For Against Turnout 20.5.1980 40.4% 59.6% 85.6% 26.10.1992 42.4% 55.4% 82.8% 01.11.1995 49.4% 50.6% 93.5%

8. NORTHERN IRELAND Border poll – 1972 Population: roughly 60% Protestant, 40% Catholic Turnout 59% yes 97%

9. A MAJORITYOF THE WHOLE

10. A MAJORITYOF THE MINORITYOF THE WHOLE

11. A MAJORITY OF THE MINORITYOF THE MINORITY OF THE WHOLE

12. RUSSIAN DOLLS

13. YUGOSLAVIA

14. THE CAUCASUS

15. RWANDA “Rubanda Nyamwinshi” the majority people

16. POLL TAX Poll Tax Tory Property Tax Labour Local Income Tax Lib-Dems Land tax Greens The rates (status quo)

17. OLYMPICS • London • Madrid • Moscow • New York • Paris

18. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE Distribution.

19. TABLE 1 Table I

20. TABLE II

21. MAJORITARIANISM “Democracy is based on majority decision. It is the most important instrument for finding peaceful solutions to conflicts.” UNESCO

22. DECISION-MAKINGBC = Borda countMBC = modified Borda count

23. THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE Closed questions yes-or-no for-or-against win-or-lose (i.e., some people) Open - i.e., multi-option – questions yes 1st, (and 2nd , and 3rd …) win-win (i.e., all people).

24. A PLURAL DEMOCRACY • Collective wisdom, or unanimity • Common consensus • Best possible compromise

25. AVERAGE PREFERENCE SCOREON A 5-OPTION BALLOT

26. A VOTERS’ PROFILE

27. A VOTERS’ PROFILE

28. A VOTERS’ PROFILE

29. A VOTERS’ PROFILE

30. A PLURAL DEMOCRACY • Collective wisdom, or unanimity 1-1.5 • Common consensus 1.5-2 • Best possible compromise 2-2.5

31. LEVEL OF CONSENSUS ON A 5-OPTION BALLOT

32. CONSENSUS COEFFICIENT The consensus coefficient, C, of option A, is CA; where SAis the MBC score of option A, where V is the valid vote, and where n is the number of options, CA is given by: CA = SA / V.n

33. Borda countA full vote = n, n-1 … 2, 1 Modified Borda Count A full vote = n, n-1 … 2, 1 A partial vote = m, m-1 … 2, 1

34. PARTIAL VOTING IN AN MBC He who votes for 1 option gives his favourite 1 pt.

35. PARTIAL VOTING IN AN MBC He who votes for 1 option gives his favourite 1 pt. She who votes for 2 options gives her favourite 2 pts (and her 2nd choice 1 pt).

36. PARTIAL VOTING IN AN MBC He who votes for 1 option gives his favourite 1 pt. She who votes for 2 options gives her favourite 2 pts (and her 2nd choice 1 pt). He who votes for 3 options gives his favourite 3 pts, (his 2nd choice 2 pts and his 3rd choice 1 pt).

37. PARTIAL VOTING IN AN MBC

39. QBS - THE QUOTA BORDA SYSTEMin a 4-seater constituency • All candidates gaining the quota are elected. • All pairs of candidates gaining 2 quotas are elected. • ________________________________________________________ • All pairs gaining 1 quota elect 1 candidate, (the one with the higher MBC score). • All remaining seats go to those candidates with the highest MBC scores.

40. THE MATRIX VOTE