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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

4. Population Dynamics Population and Urbanization Population Growth Urbanization and the Development of Cities Urban Life ] Urban Problems and Policy Population and Urbanization Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Population and Urbanization > Population Dynamics Population Dynamics • Fertility • Mortality • Migration Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/population-and-urbanization-17/population-dynamics-121/

6. Population and Urbanization > Population Growth Population Growth • Implications of Different Rates of Growth • Three Demographic Variables • Problems in Forecasting Population Growth • Malthus' Theory of Population Growth • Demographic Transition Theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/population-and-urbanization-17/population-growth-122/

7. Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities Urbanization and the Development of Cities • The Earliest Cities • Preindustrial Cities • Industrial Cities • The Structure of Cities • The Process of Urbanization • U.S. Urban Patterns • The Rural Rebound • Models of Urban Growth Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/population-and-urbanization-17/urbanization-and-the-development-of-cities-123/

8. Population and Urbanization > Urban Life Urban Life • Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life • Social Interaction in Urban Areas • Urban Neighborhoods • Urban Decline • Homelessness • Alienation • Community • Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of Responsibility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/population-and-urbanization-17/urban-life-124/

9. Population and Urbanization > Urban Problems and Policy Urban Problems and Policy • Suburbanization • Disinvestment and Deindustrialization • The Potential of Urban Revitalization • Urban Gentrification • Shrinking Cities and Counter-Urbanization Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/population-and-urbanization-17/urban-problems-and-policy-125/

10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

11. Population and Urbanization Key terms • alienationEmotional isolation or dissociation. • alienationEmotional isolation or dissociation. • anomieAlienation or social instability caused by erosion of standards and values. • anomieAlienation or social instability caused by erosion of standards and values. • baby boomer generationThe baby boomer generation, or those born during the spike in births in the twenty years following World War II, is starting to reach senior citizenship, and will soon pull from the public funds of Social Security and Medicare. • balance of trade deficitA situation in which a country imports more manufactured products than it exports. • Birth ratesThe birth rate is typically the rate of births in a population over time. The rate of births in a population is calculated in several ways: live births from a universal registration system for births, deaths, and marriages; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. • blightAnything that impedes growth or development, or spoils any other aspect of life. • bystander effectWhen someone is less likely to help another if other potential helpers are present. • capitalismA socio-economic system based on private property rights, including the private ownership of resources or capital, with economic decisions made largely through the operation of a market unregulated by the state. • carrying capacityThe number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support. • carrying capacityThe number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

12. Population and Urbanization • Causes of deathThe causes of death tend to vary between countries. For example, mortality due to malnutrition tends to be much higher in developing countries, whereas in developed countries, people are more likely to die of age-related diseases. • central business districtThe central area of a city in which a concentration of certain retail and business activities takes place, especially in older cities with rail transportation. • contraceptionThe use of a device or procedure to prevent conception as a result of sexual activity. • counterurbanizationCounterurbanisation is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. • counterurbanizationA demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. • crude death ratethe total number of deaths per year per 1000 people • deindustrializationThe loss or deprivation of industrial capacity or strength. • deinstitutionalizationThe process of abolishing a practice that has been considered a norm. • demographic transition theoryDescribes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development. • demographyThe study of human populations and how they change. • diffusion of responsibilityDiffusion of responsibility is a socio-psychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for an action (or for inaction) when others are present. • economic restructuringEconomic restructuring refers to the phenomenon of shifting between two types of economies, such as from a manufacturing to service economy or agricultural to manufacturing economy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. Population and Urbanization • emigrationThe movement of a person or persons out of a country or national region, for the purpose of permanent relocation of residence. • eminent domain(US) The right of a government over the lands within its jurisdiction. Usually invoked to compel land owners to sell their property in preparation for a major construction project, such as a freeway. • ex-urbsThe expression exurb (for "extra-urban") was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky in his 1955 book The Exurbanites to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area. • exponential growthThe growth in the value of a quantity, in which the rate of growth is proportional to the instantaneous value of the quantity; for example, when the value has doubled, the rate of increase will also have doubled. The rate may be positive or negative. • exurbanizationExurbanization refers to the process in the 1990s when upper class city dwellers moved out of the city, beyond the suburbs, to live in high-end housing in the countryside. • fecundityAbility to produce offspring. • fertilityThe birthrate of a population; the number of live births per 1000 people per year. • fertility rateThe average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she followed the current average pattern of fertility among a given group of women and survived through her reproductive years; used as an indicator of strength of population growth. • forecastAn estimation of a future condition. • Foreign direct investmentForeign direct investment is investment directly into production in a country by a company located in another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country. • Gemeinschaft und GesellschaftGemeinschaft und Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association. • gentrificationThe process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces earlier usually poorer residents. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. Population and Urbanization • gentrificationA shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values; often resulting in poorer residents being displaced by wealthier newcomers. • Green RevolutionGreen Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture production around the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s • gross domestic product(GDP) The market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a year; often used as an indicator of a country's material standard of living. • homelessnessThe condition of a person or persons living without a regular dwelling. People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, and adequate housing. • Housing Act of 1949The American Housing Act of 1949 was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. It was part of Harry Truman's program of domestic legislation, the Fair Deal. • Human EcologyHuman ecology described the city as analogous to an ecosystem, with natural processes of adaptation and assimilation. • immigrationThe passing or coming of a person into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. • industrial citiesRapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and safety. Quickly expanding industrial cities could be quite deadly, full of contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases. • industrial eraDuring the industrial era, cities grew rapidly and became centers of population and production. • Interstate Highway SystemThe Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, Interstate Freeway System or the Interstate) is a network of limited-access roads, including freeways, highways, and expressways, forming part of the National Highway System of the United States. • life tableIn actuarial science and demography, a life table is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before his or her next birthday ("probability of death"). • lordA titled nobleman or aristocrat Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. Population and Urbanization • Malthusian catastrophesMalthusian catastrophes are naturally occurring checks on population growth such as famine, disease, or war. • mechanical solidarityIt normally operates in "traditional" and small scale societies. In simpler societies (e.g., tribal), solidarity is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks. • MedicaidU.S. government system for providing medical assistance to persons unable to afford medical treatments. • mortality rateThe number of deaths per given unit of population over a given period of time. • Natural increasePopulation growth that depends on the fertility rate and the mortality rate. • neighborhoodA division of a municipality or region, formally or informally divided • neighborhood effectIndividuals in neighborhoods tend to vote similarly. • Neolithic RevolutionThe Neolithic Revolution or Neolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. • Net migrationThe difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided (usually) per 1,000 inhabitants (considered on midterm population). A positive value represents more people entering the country than leaving it, while a negative value mean more people leaving than entering it. • New UrbanismNew Urbanism is an urban design movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of housing and job types. • Old WorldThe known world before the discovery of the Americas. • organic solidarityIt is social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Population and Urbanization • population densityThe average number of people who live on each square mile (or kilometer) of land. • Preindustrial citiesWhile ancient cities may have arisen organically as trading centers, preindustrial cities evolved to become well defined political units. • RedliningRedlining is the practice of increasing the cost of services such as banking and insurance or denying access to jobs, health care, or even supermarkets to residents in particular areas. • Replacement levelRegarding fertility, refers to the number of children that a woman must have in order to replace the existing population. • rural flightA term used to describe the migratory patterns of peoples from rural areas into urban areas. • rural obligationsFor people during the medieval era, cities offered a newfound freedom from rural obligations. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community. • Seasonal migrationMovement from one place to another generally associated with agriculture and tourism; seasonal agricultural migrants follow crop cycles, moving from place to place to plant or harvest crops. • smart growthSmart growth programs draw urban growth boundaries to keep urban development dense and compact. • Social tiesBecause neighborhood action involves others, such actions create stronger social ties amongst those inhabiting the area. • sociology of architectureSociology of architecture is a term that describes the sociological study of either the built environment or the role and occupation of architects in modern societies. • sociology of spaceThe sociology of space is a sub-discipline of sociology that is concerned with the spatiality of society. It examines the constitution of spaces through action, as well as the dependence of action on spatial structures. • subcultureA portion of a culture distinguished from the larger society around it by its customs or other features. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Population and Urbanization • suburbanizationA term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities; one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl. • urban decayUrban decay is a process whereby a city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. • urban ecology modelIn the urban ecology model, the social scientist considers how individuals interact with others in their urban community. • urban open spaceIn land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for parks, green spaces, and other open areas. • urban pioneersIn the 1970s, the first few suburban transplants were called urban pioneers and demonstrated that cities were actually appropriate and viable places to live. • urban renewalUrban renewal refers to programs of land redevelopment in areas of moderate- to high-density urban land use. • urbanismthe study of cities, their geographic, economic, political, social, and cultural environment • urbanizationThe physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities. • white flightThe large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas. • white flightThe large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas. • white flightThe large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas. • white flightThe large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban areas. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Population and Urbanization US Fertility Rate The US fertility rate has leveled off at about 2.0, which is nearly equal to the replacement level. This means that population growth in the US is due to inward migration, rather than a high birthrate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Us population."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_populationView on Boundless.com

19. Population and Urbanization Concentric Zone Model The Concentric Ring Model described the city as a series of concentric rings, each home to a different group and social function. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Burgess model1."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burgess_model1.svgView on Boundless.com

20. Population and Urbanization Slums in Mumbai Rapid population growth in Indian cities has resulted in vast slums as populations have exceeded available land and housing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Slums."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlumsView on Boundless.com

21. Population and Urbanization Urban Anomie A resident in a high-rise apartment building that may house hundreds or thousands of people may feel social alienation if they do not engage in face-to-face interactions with neighbors, who remain strangers despite close physical proximity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."High-rise."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-riseView on Boundless.com

22. Population and Urbanization Street Dwellers in Mumbai On the outskirts of large developing cities, it may be a fine line between living in a slum or as a homeless person, as neither group generally possesses legal rights to land or a permanent dwelling. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Homelessness."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomelessnessView on Boundless.com

23. Population and Urbanization Pruitt-Igoe Housing Development Decay The Pruitt-Igoe housing projects in St. Louis were built under a policy of urban renewal intended to provide affordable housing, but soon turned into a site of urban blight. They have since been demolished and the land is being redeveloped under a policy of New Urbanism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Urban decay."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decayView on Boundless.com

24. Population and Urbanization Urban sprawl Chicago, seen by air, shows urban sprawl Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Chicagoland air."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chicagoland_air.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Population and Urbanization Labor and Alienation An employee on a car assembly line might feel alienation from the product of his/her labor, as he/she cannot claim credit for the finished product (the car), and perhaps cannot even afford to own the car the assembly line produces. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Assembly line."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_lineView on Boundless.com

26. Population and Urbanization The Green Revolution The Green Revolution was a period of rapid technological innovation in agricultural, which made food resources more widely available than expected and thus reduced the global mortality rate. This type of unanticipated change can reduce the accuracy of population forecasts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Green Revolution."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_RevolutionView on Boundless.com

27. Population and Urbanization Urban Social Life In cities, such as Beijing, people are exposed to large populations of unfamiliar faces, including transient visitors. This changes one's orientation to the urban community. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."City."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityView on Boundless.com

28. Population and Urbanization Homeless Seek Shelter People who are homeless are often forced to sleep under makeshift shelters that offer little protection from the elements and no security. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Homelessness."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomelessnessView on Boundless.com

29. Population and Urbanization Melbourne Docklands Renewal The Melbourne Docklands were once a vast expanse of unused docks, but they have now been turned into a residential and commercial development. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Urban renewal."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewalView on Boundless.com

30. Population and Urbanization Toronto's Central Business District Skyscrapers populate Toronto's central business district Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Toronto central business district."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toronto_central_business_district.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Population and Urbanization The United States Rust Belt The Rust Belt refers to northern U.S. cities that have undergone rapid deindustrialization, including the loss of manufacturing jobs. On the map, green areas have seen gains in manufacturing jobs while all other areas have experienced losses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Rust Belt."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_BeltView on Boundless.com

32. Population and Urbanization Hoyt's Sectoral Model of Urban Growth In Hoyt's model, cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the center. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Hoyt model."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoyt_model.svgView on Boundless.com

33. Population and Urbanization Slum in Glasgow, 1871 An example of slum life in an industrial city. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Slum in Glasgow, 1871."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slum_in_Glasgow,_1871.jpgView on Boundless.com

34. Population and Urbanization The Chicago School of Sociology The Chicago School of Sociology, developed at the University of Chicago, is credited with developing modern urban sociology as researchers worked to elucidate patterns of urban life. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."University of Chicago."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_ChicagoView on Boundless.com

35. Population and Urbanization Rio de Janeiro Mugging Studies have shown that bystanders who observe street crime are unlikely to intervene, often under the belief that others will take responsibility for intervening in the situation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Robbery."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RobberyView on Boundless.com

36. Population and Urbanization Neighborhood Watch Neighborhood watches are one form of semi-formal neighborhood associations that contribute to the regulation of crime in an area that is not an independent political unit. Neighborhood watch associations function under citywide police and have no legal authority as crime enforcement officers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Neighbourhood."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeighbourhoodView on Boundless.com

37. Population and Urbanization Population Growth Forecasts This video uses commonly cited statistics about population growth predictions to advocate for population control. The problem with activism surrounding population growth is that forecasts cannot predict unexpected changes in fertility and mortality rates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

38. Population and Urbanization Deindustrialization and Redevelopment This former Bethlehem Steel Plant in Pennsylvania was demolished after the company went out of business. It has been replaced by a casino. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Deindustrialization."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeindustrializationView on Boundless.com

39. Population and Urbanization Artists move into Williamsburg In Williamsburg and other parts of Brooklyn, New York, artists have adopted industrial spaces as studios and galleries. This cultural redevelopment is evidence of gentrification. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gentrification."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GentrificationView on Boundless.com

40. Population and Urbanization A Suburban Neighborhood Suburban neighborhoods often feature large, manicured lawns. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Southlake Suburb."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southlake_Suburb.JPGView on Boundless.com

41. Population and Urbanization Homelessness in America This video reviews statistics regarding homelessness in America, and is also an example of a non-profit organization's attempt to educate the public about the issue of hopes of reducing the problem. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

42. Population and Urbanization How to Gentrify Your Neighborhood - A Video Parody This comedy video raises many critiques of gentrification by parodying the gentrification of Brooklyn, NY. Many critics of gentrification point to its effects on racial composition of the neighborhood as low-income residents are displaced. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

43. Population and Urbanization American urban areas by size This map shows major urban areas in America. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Map of American urban areas by size."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_American_urban_areas_by_size.svgView on Boundless.com

44. Population and Urbanization Broken windows Broken windows in Detroit signal urban decay Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Detroit14."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit14.jpgView on Boundless.com

45. Population and Urbanization Baltimore—A Shrinking City Baltimore, Maryland is an example of a shrinking American city. Its population has decreased by over 300,000 since 1950, leaving infrastructure for a larger population unused. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Baltimore, Maryland."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_MarylandView on Boundless.com

46. Population and Urbanization Crude Death Rate by Country The crude death rate is a measure of how many people per 1000 members of a population die each year. It varies between countries based on various economic, social, and environmental factors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mortality rate."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rateView on Boundless.com

47. Population and Urbanization Megacities Reflect Growing Urbanization Trend - YouTube In the developing world, huge cities with sprawling slums have developed as agriculture and rural occupations have been supplanted by mechanized industries. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

48. Population and Urbanization Rural and Urban World Population Over time, the world's population has become less rural and more urban. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Percentage of World Population Urban Rural."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNGView on Boundless.com

49. Population and Urbanization Overpopulated Urban Slums Malthusians would cite epidemics and starvation in overpopulated urban slums, like this one in Cairo, as natural checks on growing populations that have exceeded the carrying capacities of their local environments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Overpopulation."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OverpopulationView on Boundless.com

50. Population and Urbanization Fertility Rate and Human Development Index Fertility has been found to correlate to human development index, with more developed countries having lower fertility rates than less developed ones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fertility-development controversy."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility-development_controversyView on Boundless.com