OUTLINE

1. OUTLINE • Introduction • The Hydrologic Cycle • Running Water • How Running Water Erodes and Transports Sediment • Deposition by Running Water • Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns • Base Level • Graded Streams • Valley Evolution • Geo-Recap

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1 Running water, one part of the hydrologic cycle, does considerable geologic work. Water is continuously cycled from the oceans to land and back to the oceans. 2 Gradient measures how steep a stream is. Discharge measures the volume of water that passes a given point per unit of time. Discharge, along with velocity, usually increases downstream. 3 Running water transports large quantities of sediment and deposits sediment in or adjacent to braided and meandering rivers. 4 Flooding is a natural part of stream activity that takes place when a channel receives more water than it can handle. 5 Alluvial fans (on land) and deltas (in a standing body of water) are deposited when a stream’s capacity to transport sediment decreases. 6 Rivers and streams continuously adjust to changes. Base level is the elevation below which a stream cannot erode. Waterfalls and lakes are temporary base levels, and the sea is ultimate base level.

3. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 7 The concept of a graded stream is an ideal, although many rivers and streams approach the graded condition. 8 Most valleys form and change in response to erosion by running water coupled with other geologic processes such as mass wasting.

4. Fig. 12-CO, p. 268

5. Fig. 12-1, p. 270

6. Fig. 12-2, p. 270

7. Figure 1a, p. 273

8. Figure 1b, p. 273

9. Fig. 12-3, p. 274

10. Fig. 12-4, p. 274

11. Fig. 12-5, p. 275

12. Fig. 12-5a, p. 275

13. Fig. 12-5b, p. 275

14. Fig. 12-6a, p. 277

15. Fig. 12-6b, p. 277

16. Fig. 12-6c, p. 277

17. Fig. 12-6d, p. 277

18. Fig. 12-7a, p. 278

19. Fig. 12-7a, p. 278

20. Fig. 12-8, p. 278

21. Fig. 12-9, p. 279

22. Fig. 12-9a, p. 279

23. Fig. 12-9b, p. 279

24. Fig. 12-9c, p. 279

25. Fig. 12-10, p. 280

26. Fig. 12-10a, p. 280

27. Fig. 12-10b, p. 280

28. Fig. 12-10c, p. 280

29. Fig. 12-10d, p. 280

30. Fig. 12-11, p. 281

31. Fig. 12-11a, p. 281

32. Fig. 12-11b, p. 281

33. Fig. 12-11c, p. 281

34. Fig. 12-11d, p. 281

35. Fig. 12-12a, p. 281

36. Fig. 12-12b, p. 281

37. Fig. 12-13a, p. 282

38. Fig. 12-13b, p. 282

39. Fig. 12-13c, p. 282

40. Fig. 12-14, p. 283

41. Fig. 12-14a, p. 283

42. Fig. 12-14b, p. 283

43. Fig. 12-15, p. 285

44. Fig. 12-15a, p. 285

45. Fig. 12-15b, p. 285

46. Fig. 12-16, p. 286

47. Fig. 12-16a, p. 286

48. Fig. 12-16b, p. 286

49. Fig. 12-16c, p. 286

50. Fig. 12-16d, p. 286