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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment The Age of Discovery The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Thinkers ] The Age of Enlightenment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. The Age of Enlightenment > The Enlightenment The Enlightenment • Introduction to the Enlightenment • Rationalism • Natural Rights Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-age-of-enlightenment-458/the-enlightenment-1085/

  6. The Age of Enlightenment > The Age of Discovery The Age of Discovery • Europe's Early Trade Links • Portuguese Explorers • Spanish Exploration • England and the High Seas • French Explorers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-age-of-enlightenment-458/the-age-of-discovery-57/

  7. The Age of Enlightenment > The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution • Roots of the Scientific Revolution • Physics and Mathematics • Astronomy • The Medical Renaissance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-age-of-enlightenment-458/the-scientific-revolution-466/

  8. The Age of Enlightenment > Enlightenment Thinkers Enlightenment Thinkers • Thomas Hobbes • John Locke • Baron de Montesquieu • Voltaire • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Marquis de Condorcet • Mary Wollstonecraft Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-age-of-enlightenment-458/enlightenment-thinkers-1091/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. The Age of Enlightenment Key terms • "noble savage"A literary stock character who embodies the concept of an idealized indigene, outsider, or "other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness. In English, the phrase first appeared in the 17th century in John Dryden's heroic play The Conquest of Granada (1672). • A Vindication of the Rights of MenA 1790 political pamphlet written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, which attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism. It was the first response in a pamphlet war sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), a defense of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the Church of England. • A Vindication of the Rights of WomanA 1792 work by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft that is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft argues that women should have an education commensurate with their position in society, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands, rather than just wives. • Ambroise ParéA French surgeon (1510-1590) who is considered one of the fathers of surgery and modern forensic pathology, and a pioneer in surgical techniques and battlefield medicine, especially in the treatment of wounds. • Ancien RégimeThe monarchic-aristocratic, social, and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century ("early modern France"), under the late Valois and Bourbon Dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe. • Andreas VesaliusA Belgian anatomist (1514-1564), physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). • Baconian methodThe investigative method developed by Sir Francis Bacon. It was put forward in Bacon's book Novum Organum (1620), (or New Method), and was supposed to replace the methods put forward in Aristotle's Organon. This method was influential upon the development of the scientific method in modern science, but also more generally in the early modern rejection of medieval Aristotelianism. • British Royal SocietyA British learned society for science; possibly the oldest such society still in existence, having been founded in November 1660. • Cape of Good HopeA rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, named because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India and the East. • Carib ExpulsionThe French-led ethnic cleansing that terminated most of the Carib population in 1660 from present-day Martinique. This followed the French invasion in 1635 and its conquest of the people on the Caribbean island, which made it part of the French colonial empire. • Christopher ColumbusAn Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the monarchy of Spain, which led to general European awareness of the American continents. • cogito ergo sumA Latin philosophical proposition by René Descartes, the first modern rationalist, usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am." This proposition became a fundamental element of western philosophy, as it purported to form a secure foundation for knowledge in the face of radical doubt. Descartes asserted that the very act of doubting one's own existence served, at minimum, as proof of the reality of one's own mind. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. The Age of Enlightenment • Copernican heliocentrismThe name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. It positioned the sun near the center of the universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. It departed from the Ptolemaic system that prevailed in western culture for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the universe. • Copernican RevolutionThe paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the sun at the center of the solar system. Beginning with the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, contributions to the "revolution" continued, until finally ending with Isaac Newton’s work over a century later. • CopernicusA Renaissance mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543), who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the sun, rather than the earth, at the center. • deismA theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge, with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe. • Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and SciencesA 1750 treatise by  Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which argued that the arts and sciences corrupt human morality. It was Rousseau's first expression of his influential views about nature vs. society, to which he would dedicate most of his intellectual life. • empiricismA theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. One of several views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along with rationalism and skepticism, it emphasizes the role of experience and evidence (especially sensory experience), in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditions. • empiricismA theory that statesthat knowledge comes only, or primarily, from sensory experience. One ofseveral views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along withrationalism and skepticism, it emphasizes the role of experience andevidence, especially sensory experience, in the formation of ideas over thenotion of innate ideas or traditions. • empiricismA theory stating that knowledge comes only, or primarily, from sensory experience. It emphasizes evidence, especially the kind of evidence gathered through experimentation and by use of the scientific method. • empiricismA theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world, rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation. • EncyclopédieA general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers and was edited by Denis Diderot, and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It is the most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. • English Civil WarA series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's government. The first (1642-1646) and second (1648-1649) conflicts pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649-1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. • epicyclesThe geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the moon, sun, and planets in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. The Age of Enlightenment • First Anglo-Dutch WarA 1652-1654 conflict fought entirely at sea between the navies of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Caused by disputes over trade, the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping, but expanded to vast fleet actions. Ultimately, it resulted in the English Navy gaining control of the seas around England, and forced the Dutch to accept an English monopoly on trade with England and her colonies. • GalenA prominent Greek physician (129 CE-c. 216 CE), surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman Empire. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, he influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. • GalileoAn Italian thinker (1564-1642) and key figure in the scientific revolution who improved the telescope, made astronomical observations, and put forward the basic principle of relativity in physics. • general willA philosophical and political concept, developed and popularized in the 18th century, that denoted  the will of the people as a whole. It served to designate the common interest embodied in legal tradition, as distinct from, and transcending, people’s private and particular interests at any particular time. • Glorious RevolutionThe overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, in conjunction with the documentation of the Bill of Rights 1689. • humorismA system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by the Indian Ayurveda system of medicine, and Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers. It posits that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person—known as humors or humours—directly influences their temperament and health. • Idea of ProgressIn intellectual history, the idea that advances in technology, science, and social organization can produce an improvement in the human condition. That is, people can become better, in terms of quality of life (social progress), through economic development (modernization), and the application of science and technology (scientific progress). The assumption is that the process will happen once people apply their reason and skills, for it is not divinely foreordained. • Index Librorum ProhibitorumA list of publications deemed heretical, anti-clerical, or lascivious, and therefore banned by the Catholic Church. • JamestownThe first permanent English settlement in the Americas, established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607, and considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. • Legal rightsThe rights bestowed onto a person by a given legal system (i.e., rights that can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). • LeviathanA book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and published in 1651. The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. It argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. • Maritime republicsCity-states that flourished in Italy and across the Mediterranean. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, giving them an essential role in the Crusades. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Age of Enlightenment • mercantile coloniesColonies that sought to derive the maximum material benefit from the colony, for the homeland, with a minimum of imperial investment in the colony itself. The mercantilist ideology at its foundations was embodied in New France through the establishment under Royal Charter of a number of corporate trading monopolies. • metaphysicsA traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Traditionally, it attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms: "Ultimately, what is there?" and "What is it like?" • natural lawA philosophy that certain rights or values are inherent by virtue of human nature, and can be universally understood through human reason. Historically, it refers to the use of reason to analyze both social and personal human nature in order to deduce binding rules of moral behavior. The law of nature, like nature itself, is universal. • Natural rightsThe rights that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and are therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws). Some, yet not all, see them as synonymous with human rights. • natural rightsThe rights that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and are therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws). • natural rightsThe rights that are notdependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture orgovernment, and are therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights thatcannot be repealed or restrained by human laws). • Navigation ActsA series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between every country except England. They were first enacted in 1651, and were repealed nearly 200 years later in 1849. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the empire, and minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. • New FranceThe area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534, and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. At its peak in 1712, the territory extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including all the Great Lakes of North America. • NewtonianismA doctrine that involves following the principles and using the methods of natural philosopher Isaac Newton. Newton's broad conception of the universe as being governed by rational and understandable laws laid the foundation for many strands of Enlightenment thought. • Pax MongolicaA historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana, which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce that the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests. • PlymouthAn English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691, first surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and at its height, it occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts. • rationalismIn epistemology, the view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge, or any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. More formally, it is defined as a methodology, or a theory, in which the criterion of the truth is not a result of experience but of intellect and deduction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. The Age of Enlightenment • reconquistaA period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 770 years, between the initial Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 710s, and the fall of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, to expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. • reductionismThe term that refers to several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between phenomena, or theories, "reducing" one to another, usually considered "simpler" or more "basic." The Oxford Companion to Philosophy suggests a three part division: ontological (a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts); methodological (the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities); and theory (the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb the old, but reduces it to more basic terms). • Reflections on the Revolution in FranceA political pamphlet written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke and published in 1790. One of the best-known intellectual attacks against the French Revolution, it is a defining tract of modern conservatism as well as an important contribution to international theory. • RoanokeAlso known as the Lost Colony; a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in the Americas. The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. The colonists disappeared during the Anglo-Spanish War, three years after the last shipment of supplies from England. • Rye House PlotA 1683 plan to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother (and heir to the throne) James, Duke of York. Historians vary in their assessment of the degree to which details of the conspiracy were finalized. • scientific methodA body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The Oxford Dictionaries Online define it as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses." • scientific methodA body of techniques for investigating phenomena,acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge thatapply empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principlesof reasoning. It has characterized natural science since the 17thcentury, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, andthe formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. • scientific methodA body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge, through the application of empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. It has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. • scientific revolutionThe emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature. It began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period, and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. • separation of powersA model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state), first proposed in ancient Greece and developed and modernized by the French political philosopher Montesquieu. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is legislature, executive, and judiciary. • social contract theoryA theory or a model that typically posits that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. • social contract theoryA theory or a model thattypically posits that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly,to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler ormagistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection oftheir remaining rights. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. The Age of Enlightenment • social contract theoryIn moral and political philosophy, a theory or model originating during the Age of Enlightenment that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. It typically posits that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. • Sovereign CouncilA governing body in New France. It acted as both Supreme Court for the colony of New France and as a policy making body, although, its policy role diminished over time. Though officially established in 1663 by King Louis XIV, it was not created whole cloth, but rather evolved from earlier governing bodies. • state of natureA concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories, and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence. In some versions of social contract theory, there are no rights in the state of nature, only freedoms, and it is the contract that creates rights and obligations. In other versions the opposite occurs—the contract imposes restrictions upon individuals that curtail their natural rights. • Tabula RogerianaA book containing a description of the world and world map created by the Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi, in 1154. Written in Arabic, it is divided into seven climate zones and contains maps showing the Eurasian continent in its entirety, but only the northern part of the African continent. The map is oriented with the North at the bottom. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries. • The Discourse on the Origins of Inequality Among MenA work by philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau that first exposes his conception of a human state of nature and of human perfectibility, an early idea of progress. In it, Rousseau explains how, according to him, people may have established civil society, which leads him to present private property as the original source and basis of all inequality. • The Philosophical DictionaryAn encyclopedic dictionary published by Voltaire in 1764. The alphabetically arranged articles often criticize the Roman Catholic Church and other institutions. It represents the culmination of Voltaire's views on Christianity, God, morality, and other subjects. • The Social ContractA 1762 treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in which he theorized the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society. The work helped inspire political reforms and revolutions in Europe. It argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate. Rousseau asserts that only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right. • The Spirit of the LawsA treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748. In it, Montesquieu pleaded in favor of a constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the law, and the idea that political institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical aspects of each community. • The Treatise on ToleranceA work by French philosopher Voltaire, published in 1763, in which he calls for tolerance between religions, and targets religious fanaticism, especially that of the Jesuits (under whom Voltaire received his early education), indicting all superstitions surrounding religions. • Treaty of TordesillasA 1494 treaty that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León). • Treaty of ZaragozaA 1529 peace treaty between the Spanish Crown and Portugal that defined the areas of Castilian (Spanish) and Portuguese influence in Asia to resolve the "Moluccas issue," when both kingdoms claimed the Moluccas islands for themselves, considering it within their exploration area established by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. The conflict sprang in 1520, when the expeditions of both kingdoms reached the Pacific Ocean, since there was not a set limit to the east. • Two Treatises of GovernmentA work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The first section attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the second outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. The Age of Enlightenment • Vasco da GamaA Portuguese explorer and one of the most famous and celebrated explorers from the Age of Discovery; the first European to reach India by sea. • William HarveyAn English physician (1578-1657), and the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. The Age of Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797), National Portrait Gallery, London. While the philosophy of the Enlightenment was dominated by men, the question of women's rights appeared as one of the most controversial ideas. Mary Wollstonecraft, one of few female thinkers of the time, was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. She is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_c._1797.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft#/media/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. The Age of Enlightenment Encyclopedie's frontispiece, full version; engraving by Benoît Louis Prévost. "If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it." An engraving from the 1772 edition of the Encyclopédie. Truth, in the top center, is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right, Philosophy and Reason. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Encyclopedie_frontispice_full.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment#/media/File:Encyclopedie_frontispice_full.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. The Age of Enlightenment René Descartes, after Frans Hals, 2nd half of the 17th century. Descartes laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics, as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_René_Descartes.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes#/media/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. The Age of Enlightenment Immanuel Kant, author unknown Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) rejected the dogmas of both rationalism and empiricism, and tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, and individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. His work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Kant_Portrait.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant#/media/File:Kant_Portrait.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. The Age of Enlightenment Portrait of Thomas Hobbes by John Michael Wright, National Portrait Gallery, London Thomas Hobbes'  1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later western political philosophy. Though on rational grounds a champion of absolutism for the sovereign, Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law that leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Thomas_Hobbes_portrait.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights#/media/File:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. The Age of Enlightenment The Travels of Marco Polo Marco Polo traveling, miniature from the book The Travels of Marco Polo (Il milione), originally published during Polo's lifetime (c. 1254-January 8, 1324), but frequently reprinted and translated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia ."Marco Polo traveling."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_traveling.JPGView on Boundless.com

  23. The Age of Enlightenment First Voyage of Vasco da Gama The route followed in Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497-1499). Gama's  squadron left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa. They reached Calicut in western India in May 1498. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia ."Gama Route 1."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gama_route_1.pngView on Boundless.com

  24. The Age of Enlightenment "The First Voyage", chromolithograph by L. Prang & Co., published by The Prang Educational Co., Boston, 1893 A scene of Christopher Columbus bidding farewell to the Queen of Spain on his departure for the New World, August 3, 1492. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."First Voyage, Departure for the New World, August 3, 1492."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Voyage,_Departure_for_the_New_World,_August_3,_1492.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. The Age of Enlightenment Treasures of the RAS: Starry Messenger by Galileo Galilei In 1610, Galileo published this book describing his observations of the sky with a new invention - the telescope. In it he describes his discovery of the moons of Jupiter, of stars too faint to be seen by the naked eye, and of mountains on the moon. The book was the first scientific publication to be based on data from a telescope. It was an important step towards our modern understanding of the solar system. The Latin title is Sidereus Nuncius, which translates as Starry Messenger, or Sidereal Message. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  26. The Age of Enlightenment Map of North America (1750): France (blue), Britain (pink), and Spain (orange) New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534, and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. At its peak in 1712, the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains, and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including all the Great Lakes of North America. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1024px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas#/media/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svgView on Boundless.com

  27. The Age of Enlightenment African slaves working in 17th-century Virginia (tobacco cultivation), by an unknown artist, 1670 In 1672, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies and later in North America. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Tobacco_cultivation_Virginia_ca._1670.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire#/media/File:Tobacco_cultivation_(Virginia,_ca._1670).jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. The Age of Enlightenment Map of the British colonies in North America, 1763 to 1775. First published in: Shepherd, William Robert (1911) "The British Colonies in North America, 1763–1765" in Historical Atlas, New York, United States: Henry Holt and Company, p. 194. Although Britain was relatively late in its efforts to explore and colonize the New World, lagging behind Spain and Portugal, it eventually gained significant territories in North America and the Caribbean. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1280px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire#/media/File:British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNGView on Boundless.com

  29. The Age of Enlightenment Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel (1844), Library and Archives Canada (there are no known paintings of Cartier that were created during his lifetime) In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Cartier.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas#/media/File:Cartier.pngView on Boundless.com

  30. The Age of Enlightenment Isaac Newton's Principia, developed the first set of unified scientific laws Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos. This work also demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. His laws of motion were to be the solid foundation of mechanics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."NewtonsPrincipia.jpg."CC BY-SA 2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution#/media/File:NewtonsPrincipia.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. The Age of Enlightenment Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Giusto Sustermans, 1636 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) improved the telescope, with which he made several important astronomical discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn, and made detailed observations of sunspots. He developed the laws for falling bodies based on pioneering quantitative experiments, which he analyzed mathematically. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. The Age of Enlightenment Jan Matejko, Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God, 1873 Oil painting by the Polish artist Jan Matejko depicting Nicolaus Copernicus observing the heavens from a balcony by a tower near the cathedral in Frombork. Currently, the painting is in the collection of the Jagiellonian University of Cracow, which purchased it from a private owner with money donated by the Polish public. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Jan Matejko Astronomer Copernicus Conversation with God.."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matejko%23mediaviewer/File:Jan_Matejko-Astronomer_Copernicus-Conversation_with_God.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. The Age of Enlightenment Heliocentric model of the solar system, Nicolas Copernicus,De revolutionibus, p. 9, from an original edition, currently at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland Copernicus was a polyglot and polymath who obtained a doctorate in canon law and also practiced as a physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. In 1517 he derived a quantity theory of money–a key concept in economics–and in 1519, he formulated a version of what later became known as Gresham's law (also in economics). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."De Revolutionibus manuscript p9b."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Age of Enlightenment Johannes Kepler Biography (1571-1630) Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician, who played an important role in the 17th century scientific revolution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  35. The Age of Enlightenment Andreas Vesalius, De corporis humani fabrica libri septem, illustration attributed to Jan van Calcar (circa 1499–1546/1550) The front cover illustration of De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543), showing a public dissection being carried out by Vesalius himself. The book advanced the modern study of human anatomy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Vesalius01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. The Age of Enlightenment Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, p. 174 In 1543, Vesalius asked Johannes Oporinus to publish the seven-volume De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), a groundbreaking work of human anatomy. It emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the "anatomical view" of the human body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Vesalius Fabrica p174."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius%23mediaviewer/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_p174.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. The Age of Enlightenment Montesquieu, portrait by an unknown artist, c. 1727 Montesquieu is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word "despotism" in the political lexicon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Montesquieu_1.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu#/media/File:Montesquieu_1.pngView on Boundless.com

  38. The Age of Enlightenment Voltaire, portrait by Nicolas de Largillière, c. 1724 Voltaire was a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken advocate of several liberties, despite the risk this placed him in under the strict censorship laws of the time. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma, and the French institutions of his day. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nicolas_de_Largillière_François-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_vers_1724-1725_-001.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire#/media/File:Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re,_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_(vers_1724-1725)_-001.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. The Age of Enlightenment Jean-Jacques Rousseau, portrait by Maurice Quentin de La Tour, c. 1753 During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. Rousseau was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_painted_portrait.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau#/media/File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. The Age of Enlightenment Portrait of Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) by Jean-Baptiste Greuze, date unknown Condorcet's political views, including suffrage of women, opposition of slavery, equal rights regardless of race, or free public education, were unique even in the context of many radical ideas proposed during the Enlightenment period, He was also one of the first to systematically apply mathematics in the social sciences. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nicolas_de_Condorcet.PNG."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet#/media/File:Nicolas_de_Condorcet.PNGView on Boundless.com

  41. The Age of Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797), National Portrait Gallery, London Despite the controversial topic, the Rights of Woman received favorable reviews and was a great success. It was almost immediately released in a second edition in 1792, several American editions appeared, and it was translated into French. It was only the later revelations of her personal life that resulted in negative views towards Wollstonecraft, which persisted for over a century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_c._1797 1.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft#/media/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. The Age of Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes by John Michael Wright, circa 1669-1670,  National Portrait Gallery, London Hobbes was one of the founders of modern political philosophy and political science. He also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics, and general philosophy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Thomas_Hobbes_portrait.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes#/media/File:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. The Age of Enlightenment Portrait of John Locke, by Sir Godfrey Kneller,1697, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia Locke's theory of mind has been as influential as his political theory, and is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self. Locke was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to Cartesian philosophy based on pre-existing concepts, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perceptions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."JohnLocke.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#/media/File:JohnLocke.pngView on Boundless.com

  44. The Age of Enlightenment Portrait of John Locke, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Britain, 1697, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise. For Locke, the natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."JohnLocke.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#/media/File:JohnLocke.pngView on Boundless.com

  45. The Age of Enlightenment How Portugal became the first global sea power Pick your adjective for the monster wave McNamara rode in January just off the Portuguese coast near Nazare. The Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, came to Nazare, too, to pray before he set out in 1497—and again after a successful return from his voyage to find a sea route to India with its rich spice trade. He did what Christopher Columbus had tried to do but failed. Casimiro said that as a country, Portugal turns to the sea: "Our backs are turned to the land, and we are always looking at the sea. We have that kind of impulse to see what is after that." Even if it's frightening? "Yeah." Portugal is a country where the sea is and always has been regarded as a living being—to be stared down, confronted. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  46. The Age of Enlightenment The Shannon Portrait of the Hon. Robert Boyle F. R. S. (1627-1691) Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an Irish-born English scientist, was an early supporter of the scientific method and founder of modern chemistry. Boyle is known for his pioneering experiments on the physical properties of gases, his authorship of the Sceptical Chymist, his role in creating the Royal Society of London, and his philanthropy in the American colonies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."The Shannon Portrait of the Hon Robert Boyle."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Shannon_Portrait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. The Age of Enlightenment Attribution • Wikipedia."Age of Discovery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery • Wikipedia."Tabula Rogeriana."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana • Wikipedia."Pax Mongolica."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Mongolica • Wikipedia."Maritime Republics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics • Wikipedia."Marco Polo."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo • Wikipedia."Portugese Exploration."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries • Wikipedia."Ferdinand Magellan."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan • Wikipedia."Age of Discovery."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery#Portuguese_exploration • Wikipedia."Cape of Good Hope."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope • Wikipedia."Vasco da Gama."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama • Wikipedia."Age of Enlightenment."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment • Wikipedia."René Descartes."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes • Wikipedia."Scientific method."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method • Wikipedia."Baconian method."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baconian_method • Wikipedia."Royal Society."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society • Wikipedia."Galileo Galilei."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei • Wikipedia."Science in the Age of Enlightenment."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  48. The Age of Enlightenment • Wikipedia."Scientific revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution • OpenStax CNX."Jo Kent, The Impact of the Scientific Revolution: A Brief History of the Experimental Method in the 17th Century. June 12, 2014."CC BY 2.0http://cnx.org/content/m13245/1.1/ • Wikipedia."Scientific method."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method • Wikipedia."Scientific Revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution • Wiktionary."Copernican Revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_Revolution • Wikipedia."Isaac Newton."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton • Wikipedia."Robert Boyle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle • Wikipedia."Robert Hooke."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke • OpenStax CNX."Jo Kent, The Impact of the Scientific Revolution: A Brief History of the Experimental Method in the 17th Century. June 12, 2014."CC BY 2.0http://cnx.org/content/m13245/1.1/ • Wikipedia."Copernican Revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_Revolution • Wikipedia."Deferent and epicycle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle • Wikipedia."History of astronomy."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astronomy • Wikipedia."Nicolaus Copernicus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus • Wikipedia."Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Copernicus,_or_Conversations_with_God • Saylor."The New Astronomy and Cosmology of the Scientific Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and Johannes Kepler."CC BY 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism • Wikipedia."Scientific revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution • Wikipedia."History of medicine."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine • Wikipedia."Humorism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism • Wikipedia."Herman Boerhaave."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  49. The Age of Enlightenment • Wikipedia."Andreas Vesalius."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius • Wikipedia."Ambroise Paré."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9 • Wikipedia."William Harvey."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey • Wikipedia."Scientific revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution • Wikipedia."Medical Renaissance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Renaissance • Wikipedia."Galen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen • Wikipedia."Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire • Wikipedia."Treaty of Tordesillas."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas • Wikipedia."Christopher Columbus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus • Wikipedia."Spanish colonization of the Americas."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas • Wikipedia."Age of Discovery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery • Wikipedia."Reconquista."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista • Wikipedia."Treaty of Zaragoza."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza • Wikipedia."Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire • Wikipedia."Spanish Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire • Wikipedia."Voyages of Christopher Columbus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus • Wikipedia."Age of Enlightenment."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment • Wikipedia."Empiricism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism • Wikipedia."Encyclopédie."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  50. The Age of Enlightenment • Wikipedia."Scientific method."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method • Wikipedia."Newtonianism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonianism • Wikipedia."Mary Wollstonecraft."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft • Wikipedia."Reductionism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism • Wikipedia."Science in the Age of Enlightenment."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment • Wikipedia."Age of Enlightenment."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment • Wikipedia."René Descartes."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes • Wikipedia."Empiricism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism • Wikipedia."Metahpysics."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics • Wikipedia."Cogito ergo sum."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum • Wikipedia."Rationalism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism • Wikipedia."Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz • Wikipedia."Baruch Spinoza."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza • Wikipedia."Immanuel Kant."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant • Wikipedia."Classical republicanism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanism • Wikipedia."Age of Enlightenment."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment • Wikipedia."John Locke."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke • Wikipedia."Social contract."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract • Wikipedia."Thomas Hobbes."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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