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Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication. Background of Wireless Communication. Wireless Communication Technology. Wireless Networking and Mobile IP. Wireless Local Area Networks. Student Presentations and Projects. Introductory Lecture. Objectives.

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Wireless Communication

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  1. Wireless Communication Background of Wireless Communication Wireless Communication Technology Wireless Networking and Mobile IP Wireless Local Area Networks Student Presentations and Projects Introductory Lecture

  2. Objectives • Where is Wireless Communication today? Where has it come from in the last decade? What is its future potential? • Why is wireless channel different from wired? • How does wireless design overcome the challenges of the channels and interference? • What are key wireless communication concepts? • Rapid fire introduction to buzz words and why they matter: OFDM/CDMA/MIMO … • How do they feature in modern/emerging wireless systems (Wifi: 802.11a/b/g/n, 3G, mobile WIMAX: 802.16e)? • Mobile Ad hoc and sensor networks are covered at the end of course …

  3. Wireless Comes of Age • Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896 • Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signal • Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean • Communications satellites launched in 1957 • Advances in wireless technology • Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites • More recently • Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology

  4. Broadband Wireless Technology • Higher data rates obtainable with broadband wireless technology • Graphics, video, audio • Shares same advantages of all wireless services: convenience and reduced cost • Services can be deployed faster than fixed services • No cost of cable plant • Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere • Wireless is convenient and less expensive

  5. Limitations and Difficulties of Wireless Technologies • Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies • Lack of an industry-wide standard • Device limitations • E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of text • E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML

  6. Part One: Chapter 1: Introduction • Provides preview and context for rest of the course • Covers basic topics • Data Communications • TCP/IP

  7. Chapter 2: Transmission Fundamentals • Basic overview of transmission topics • Data communications concepts • Includes techniques of analog and digital data transmission • Channel capacity • Transmission media • Multiplexing

  8. Chapter 3: Communication Networks • Comparison of basic communication network technologies • Circuit switching • Packet switching • Frame relay • ATM

  9. Chapter 4: Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite • Protocol architecture • Overview of TCP/IP • Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model • Internetworking

  10. Part Two: Wireless Communication Technology • Underlying technology of wireless transmission • Encoding of analog and digital data for wireless transmission

  11. Chapter 5: Antennas and Propagation • Principles of radio and microwave • Antenna performance • Wireless transmission modes • Fading

  12. Chapter 6: Signal Encoding Techniques • Wireless transmission • Analog and digital data • Analog and digital signals

  13. Chapter 7: Spread Spectrum • Frequency hopping • Direct sequence spread spectrum • Code division multiple access (CDMA)

  14. Chapter 8: Coding and Error Control • Forward error correction (FEC) • Using redundancy for error detection • Automatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques

  15. Part Three: Wireless Networking • Examines major types of networks • Satellite-based networks • Cellular networks • Cordless systems • Fixed wireless access schemes • Use of mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) to provide Internet and Web access

  16. Chapter 9: Satellite Communications • Geostationary satellites (GEOS) • Low-earth orbiting satellites (LEOS) • Medium-earth orbiting satellites (MEOS) • Capacity allocation

  17. Chapter 10: Cellular Wireless Networks • Cellular wireless network design issues • First generation analog (traditional mobile telephony service) • Second generation digital cellular networks • Time-division multiple access (TDMA) • Code-division multiple access (CDMA) • Third generation networks

  18. Chapter 11: Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop • Cordless systems • Wireless local loop (WLL) • Sometimes called radio in the loop (RITL) or fixed wireless access (FWA)

  19. Chapter 12: Mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol • Modifications to IP protocol to accommodate wireless access to Internet • Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) • Provides mobile users access to telephony and information services including Internet and Web • Includes wireless phones, pagers and personal digital assistants (PDAs)

  20. Part Four: Wireless Local Area Networks • Examines underlying wireless LAN technology • Examines standardized approaches to local wireless networking

  21. Chapter 13: Wireless LAN Technology • Overview of LANs and wireless LAN technology and applications • Transmission techniques of wireless LANs • Spread spectrum • Narrowband microwave • Infrared

  22. Chapter 14: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard • Wireless LAN standards defined by IEEE 802.11 committee

  23. Chapter 15: Bluetooth • Bluetooth is an open specification for wireless communication and networking • Personal computers • Mobile phones • Other wireless devices

  24. Wireless Ad hoc Networks • Wireless Ad hoc Networks is a specific type of Wireless networks when no infrastructure exists • Multi-hop Ad hoc Networks • Sensor Networks • Routing • Security • Applications

  25. Internet and Web Resources • Course Website • http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/cms/teWCbs • Lectures, Labs, Assignments, Quizzes, Other Info • Web page for the course text book • http://www.williamstallings.com/Wireless/Wireless2e.htmlUseful web sites, errata sheet, figures, tables, slides, internet mailing list, wireless courses • Computer Science Student Support Site • http://www.williamstallings.com/StudentSupport.html • Newsgroups • comp.std.wireless • comp.dcom.*

  26. Text Books • Wireless Communications and Networks, Second Edition by William Stallings • Fundamentals of Wireless Communication by David Tse and Pramod Viswanath

  27. Wireless Communication: Potential

  28. Why Wireless? • Characteristics • Mostly radio transmission, new protocols for data transmission are needed • Advantages • Spatial flexibility in radio reception range • Ad hoc networks without former planning • No problems with wiring (e.g. historical buildings, fire protection, esthetics) • Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire – and careless users which remove connectors! • Disadvantages • Generally very low transmission rates for higher numbers of users • Often proprietary, more powerful approaches, standards are often restricted • Many national regulations, global regulations are evolving slowly • Restricted frequency range, interferences of frequencies • Nevertheless, in the last 10-20 years, it has really been a wireless revolution…

  29. The Wireless Revolution • Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication industry (exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users worldwide today) • Three generations of wireless • First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly vehicular communication • Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and low bit-rate data, portable units. 2.5G increased data transmission capabilities • Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high bit-rate data, portable units • Fourth Generation (in progress): true broadband wireless: WIMAX, 3G LTE, 802.11 a/b/g/n

  30. The Wireless Communication Opportunity Demand Gap Wireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers worldwide in 1990 to over 2 billion in 2005. In the same period, the Internet grew from being a curious academic tool to about 1 billion users. Broadband internet access is also growing rapidly

  31. Sept 2006 figures: 2.53 Billion total; 2.02 B (GSM), 320 M (CDMA), 81.2M UMTS Source: http://www.3gamericas.org/English/Statistics/

  32. Source: Pyramid Research WLAN Market: WiFi • WLAN Growth Drivers • Convenience & Flexibility • Productivity Gains • Low Cost • Embedded WLAN Source: AirTight Networks

  33. Wireless: The Big Picture…

  34. Wireless: Understanding the Big Picture… • Wireless (vs wired)… communication medium • Cellular (vs meshed vs MANETs)…architectures for coverage, capacity, QoS, mobility, auto-configuration, infrastructure support • Mobile (vs fixed vs portable)… implications for devices: phone vs PSP vs PDA vs laptop vs ultramobile • WAN (vs WLAN vs WMAN)…network scope, coverage, mobility • Market segments: Home networks, SOHO, SME, enterprise, Hotspots, WISPs, cellular … • Technologies/Standards/Marketing Alliances: 802.11, UWB, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 3G, GSM, CDMA, OFDM, MIMO, Wimax…

  35. Mobile Computing/Entertainment/Commns • Computing: smaller, faster • Disks: larger size, small form • Communications: wireless voice, data • Multimedia integration: voice, data, video, games iPoD: impact of disk size/cost Samsung Cameraphone w/ camcorder SONY PSP: mobile gaming Blackberry: phone + PDA

  36. Variety of Wireless-Capable Devices 2006 Thanksgiving sales: < $1000 Plasma 42” TVs. These will soon be wireless-broadband enabled and can play home movies/videos from the Internet

  37. Walled Garden Emerging Rich Media Broadband Wireless Broadband Wireless/Wireline LAN Cellular Rich Media Broadband Wireless Value Added Services Internet Access Services *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

  38. 3G LTE/WiMAX WiFi Converging Markets Drive Economies of Scale CE devices will require low cost WLAN/WWAN access ~220M BB users (CBL+DSL+other) Market demand is >1B WLAN BWA 3GPP/2 CE 200 M units a year growing at 35% >$1B market growing into cable and DSL markets $>600B market>2 B users>700M units/yr 250M devices in ‘09 with a need for access Converged Markets addressing Mobile WWAN WiFi/WiMax or WiFi/3G integration will bridge markets Source: Intel Estimates, IDC,

  39. Mainstream Mobile Broadband Internet Will Also Require: Innovation in Distribution: Single Chip WiFi + WiMAX/3Gfor Mass Market Innovation in Services: Web 2.0, AJAX, Personal Internet Innovation in Billing: Pay as You Go, Pre-paid, or Monthly Subscription * Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

  40. Wireless History (Brief)

  41. Wireless History 1901: First radio reception across the Atlantic Ocean 1924: First Mobile Radio Telephone

  42. Early Cellular Systems • 1940s-50s: cellular concept discovered (AT&T) • 1st Generation: Analog: • AMPS: FDMA with 30 KHz FM-modulated voice channels. • 1983: The first analog cellular system deployed in Chicago: saturated by 1984, • FCC increased the cellular spectral allocation from 40 MHz to 50 MHz. • Two 25MHz channels: DL and UL (FDD) • AT&T moved on to fiber optics in ‘80s. • 2nd generation: digital: early 90s • higher capacity, improved cost, speed, and power efficiency of digital hardware

  43. Wireless Timeline (Partial) • 1991 - Specification of DECT (cordless phone) • Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications). Other cordless standards: PHS (Japan), CT-2 (Europe/Asia) • 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries. • 1992 - Start of GSM • In Germany as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels • Automatic location, hand-over, cellular • Roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries • Services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ... • 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network) • ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s • Recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s) • 1997 - Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 • IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s • Already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning • 1998 - Specification of GSM successors • UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000 • Iridium: 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

  44. Wireless Timeline (Partial) • 1999 - Standardization of additional wireless LANs • IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s • Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s • Decision about IMT-2000 • Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, … • Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode • Access to many (Internet) services via the mobile phone • 2000 - GSM with higher data rates • HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s • First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!) • GSM Enhancements for data transmission pick up (EDGE, GPRS, HSCSD) • UMTS auctions/beauty contests • Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 UMTS licenses!) • 2001 - Start of 3G systems • Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan • 2002 – Standardization of high-capacity wireless networks • IEEE 802.16 as Wireless MAN

  45. Broadband Wireless Milestones: Summary Source: J.Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WIMAX

  46. Wireless Systems: From Narrowband to Broadband

  47. What do service providers need? • Highest possible consumer satisfaction… • QoS is primary requirement – video and high throughput (mobile) data sessions • Management capability to the devices: easy service provisioning, billing. • Secure mobility support: Handoff & Mesh • Avoid theft-of-service • New services…

  48. What do Home users want? • Range: reliable wireless networking throughout the home • High fidelity A/V: good Quality of Service for high quality audio and video • Throughput! • HDTV-720 in the US @ 16 Mbps (MPEG2) • HDTV-1080 in Japan @ 20 Mbps (MPEG2) • Next generation Media Center will support 2 concurrent video streaming, and by .11n ratification 4 concurrent streaming • For 3 streams in the home, with picture-in-picture, and Internet access, 100Mbps UDP level throughput is easily consumed

  49. Modern Wireless Systems Peak

  50. Modern Wireless Systems (by Segment)

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