Ert 318 : unit operations operations involving particulate solids

1. Ert 318 : unit operationsoperations involving particulate solids By Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

2. outline • Introduction to particulate solids • Characterization of solid particles • Particle size • Screen analysis • Tyler standard screen analysis

3. Introduction • Large quantities of particles handled on the industrial scale is frequently define as a whole • Thus, it is necessary to know the distribution of particle sizes in the mixture and able to define a their mean size which represents the behaviour of the particulate mass as a whole • It is frequently necessary to reduce the size of particles or form them into aggregates or sinters to ease the handling process • Sometimes it might necessary to mix two or more solids, or sometimes need to separate a mixture into its own component or according to the sizes of the particles • Important operations relating to systems of particles include storage in hoppers, flow through orifices and pipes, and metering of flows

4. Characterization of solid particles • Individual solid particles are characterized by: (a) Shape – regular – e.g. spherical or cubical irregular – e.g. a piece of broken glass (b) Size – influence the properties such as : - the surface per unit volume - the settling rate of particle in fluid (c) composition - determines properties such as density and conductivity

5. Particle shape • The shape of an individual particle is expressed in terms of sphericity, which is independent of particle size - For spherical particle of diameter Dp; = 1 - For nonspherical particle; • Dp= nominal diameter of particle • Sp = surface area of one particle • Vp = volume of one particle (1)

6. - For most of crush materials 0.6 < > 0.8 -For particles rounded by abrasion; > 0.95 - For a cube and cylinder; = 1 Source ; Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering (McCabe,Smith & Harriot) ( Table 7.1 page 164)

7. Particle size Mixed particle sizes In a sample of uniform particles of diameter Dp the number of particles in a sample ,N is given by; From Eq. (1) and (2), the total surface area of particle sample, A can be computed by (2) (3) These equation applicable to mixtures of particles having various sizes and densities, the mixture is sorted into fractions, each of constant density and approximately constant size

8. Specific surface of mixture The specific surface, Aw ( the total surface area of a unit mass of particles) if and are constant is given by; (4) where subscripts = individual increments = mass fraction in a given increment = number of increments = average particle diameter, taken as arithmetic average of smallest and largest particle diameters in increment

9. Average particle size Volume-surface mean diameter ( ) The volume-surface mean diameter, is related to the Aw is given by By substituting Eq. (4) in Eq. (5); (5) (6)

10. Arithmetic mean diameter ( ) Mass mean diameter ( ) where is the number of particles in the entire sample

11. Volume mean diameter ( ) By dividing the total volume of the sample with the number of particles in the mixture, gives the average volume of a particle The diameter of such a particle is the volume mean diameter *For samples consisting of uniform particles, these average diameters are all the same. For mixtures containing particles of various sizes, however the several average diameters may differ widely from one another.

12. For a given particle shape, the volume of any particle is proportional to its “diameter” cubed or where a is the volume shape factor. Unlike , it is different for various regular solids which are; (1)0.5236 for a sphere (2)0.785 for a short cylinder (height = diameter) (3)1.0 for a cube. Assuming a is independent of size, Number of particles in mixture

13. screen analysis • Used to measure the size of particles in the size range between 3- 0.0015 in.(76 mm and 38µm) • A set of standard screens is arranged serially in a stack, with the smallest mesh at the bottom and the largest at the top • The sample is placed on the top screen and the stack shaken mechanically for 20 min • The particles retained on each screen are removed and weighed, and the masses of the individual screen increments are converted to mass fractions or mass percentages of the total sample • Any particles that pass the finest screen are caught in a pan at the bottom of the stack

14. SIEVE TRAYS Pan (the finest particles retained here) Sieve (different mesh size) Sieve trays were put on a stack (shaker)

15. Screen Analysis Table

16. Column 1 – mesh size • Column 2 – width of opening of the screens • Column 3 – the mass fraction of the total sample that is retained on the designated screen • Xi – i is the number of the screen starting at the bottom of the stack; thus i = 1 for the pan, and screen i + 1 is the screen immediately above screen I • Column 4 – average particle diameter Dpi in each increment • Column 5 – cumulative fraction smaller than each value of Dpi • In screen analysis, cumulative fractions are sometimes written starting at the top of the stack and express as the fraction larger than a given size

17. Tyler standard screen analysis • Based on the opening of the 200-mesh screen, which is established at 0.074 mm • The area of the openings in any one screen in the series is exactly twice that of the openings in the next-smaller screen • The ratio of the actual mesh dimension of any screen to that of the next-smaller screen is, (2)^1/2=1.41

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