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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition. Chapter 3 Database Systems and Business Intelligence. Principles and Learning Objectives. Data management and modeling are key aspects of organizing data and information

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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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  1. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition Chapter 3 Database Systems and Business Intelligence

  2. Principles and Learning Objectives • Data management and modeling are key aspects of organizing data and information • Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages of the database approach to data management • Describe the relational database model and outline its basic features Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  3. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued) • A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making • Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems, and identify popular database management systems • The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits • Identify and briefly discuss current database applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  4. Data Management • Without data and the ability to process it an organization could not successfully complete most business activities • For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  5. The Hierarchy of Data • Bit • Circuit that is either on or off • Eight bits = one byte • Character • Basic building block of information • Field • Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  6. The Hierarchy of Data (continued) • Record • Collection of related data fields • File • Collection of related records • Database • Collection of integrated and related files • Hierarchy of data • Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  7. The Hierarchy of Data (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  8. Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys • Entity • Generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected, stored, and maintained • Attribute • Characteristic of an entity • Data item • Value of an attribute Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  9. Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued) • Key • Field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record • Primary key • Field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  10. Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  11. The Database Approach • Traditional approach to database management • Separate data files are created and stored for each application program • Database approach to database management • Multiple application programs share a pool of related data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  12. The Database Approach (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  13. The Database Approach (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  14. Data Modeling and Database Characteristics • When building a database, consider: • Content: What data should be collected, at what cost? • Access: What data should be provided to which users and when? • Logical structure: How should data be arranged to make sense to a given user? • Physical organization: Where should data be physically located? Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  15. Data Modeling • Building a database requires two types of designs • Logical design • Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs • Physical design • Fine-tunes the logical database design for performance and cost considerations Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  16. Data Modeling (continued) • Planned data redundancy • Improves system performance • Data model • Diagram of data entities and their relationships • Enterprise data modeling • Data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise • Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams • Data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  17. Data Modeling (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  18. The Relational Database Model • Relational model • Describes data using a standard tabular format • Data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, the logical equivalent of files • Domain • Allowable values for data attributes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  19. The Relational Database Model (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  20. Manipulating Data • Selecting • Eliminates rows according to criteria • Projecting • Eliminates columns in a table • Joining • Combines two or more tables • Linking • Combines two or more tables using common data attributes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  21. Manipulating Data (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  22. Manipulating Data (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  23. Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes Database Management Systems (DBMS) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  24. Overview of Database Types • Flat file • Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another • Single user • Only one person can use the database at a time • Multiple user • Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time • Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  25. Providing a User View • Schema • Logical and physical structure of the data and relationships among the data in the database • Can be part of the database or a separate schema file Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  26. Creating and Modifying the Database • Data definition language (DDL) • Collection of instructions/commands that define and describe data and data relationships in a database • Allows database creator to describe the data and the data relationships that are to be contained in the schema • Data dictionary • Detailed description of all the data used in the database Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  27. Creating and Modifying the Database (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  28. Creating and Modifying the Database (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  29. Storing and Retrieving Data • One function of a DBMS is: • To be an interface between an application program and the database • Concurrency control • Method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  30. Storing and Retrieving Data (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  31. Manipulating Data and Generating Reports • Query-by-example (QBE) • Visual approach to developing database queries or requests • Data manipulation language (DML) • Commands that manipulate the data in a database • Structured Query Language (SQL) • Standardized data manipulation language • Lets programmers learn one powerful query language and use it on systems ranging from PCs to the largest mainframe computers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  32. Manipulating Data and Generating Reports (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  33. Database Administration • Database administrator (DBA) should: • Have a clear understanding of the fundamental business of the organization • Be proficient in the use of selected database management systems • Stay abreast of emerging technologies and new design approaches Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  34. Popular Database Management Systems • Popular DBMSs for end users • Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro • Emerging software • Database as a Service (DaaS) or Database 2.0 • Database administration is provided by the service provider Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  35. Special-Purpose Database Systems • Specialized database packages • Israeli Holocaust Database • Morphbank • iTunes Store music and video catalog Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  36. Selecting a Database Management System • Important characteristics of databases: • Database size • Database cost • Concurrent users • Performance • Integration • Vendor Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  37. Using Databases with Other Software • Database management systems are often used with other software packages or the Internet • Front-end application • Directly interacts with users • Back-end application • Interacts with applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  38. Database Applications • Manipulate content of a database to produce useful information • Common manipulations • Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  39. Linking Databases to the Internet • Semantic Web • Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet • Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  40. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining • Data warehouse • Holds business information from many sources in the enterprise • Data mart • Subset of a data warehouse • Data mining • Information-analysis tool for discovering patterns and relationships in a data warehouse • Predictive analysis: Combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  41. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  42. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  43. Business Intelligence • Gathering the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business • Competitive intelligence • Limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations • Counterintelligence • Steps an organization takes to protect information sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  44. Distributed Databases • Data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices • Give corporations and other organizations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used • Replicated database • Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  45. Distributed Databases (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  46. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) • Software that allows users to explore data from a number of perspectives • Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis • Requires repetitive testing of user originated theories Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  47. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  48. Object-Relational Database Management Systems • Object-oriented database • Database that stores both data and its processing instructions • Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) • Programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs • Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) • Capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  49. Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems • Virtual database systems • Allow different databases to work together as a unified database system • Spatial data technology • Use of a database to store and access data according to the locations it describes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

  50. Summary • Data • Organized into a hierarchy that builds from the smallest element to the largest • Traditional file-oriented applications • Often characterized by program-data dependence • Data model • Map or diagram of entities and their relationships • DBMS • Group of programs used as an interface between a database and its users and other applications Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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