1 / 36

Chapter 4 Mesopotamia

Chapter 4 Mesopotamia. Mrs. Toops World History. ARCHAEOLOGY. Scientists study fossils and artifacts to learn about past human life. Starfish fossil. Cuneiform. Chopper and flake. ARCHAEOLOGY. The deeper an artifact is found in the earth ’ s surface, the older it is.

amandamartin
Download Presentation

Chapter 4 Mesopotamia

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 4Mesopotamia Mrs. Toops World History

  2. ARCHAEOLOGY • Scientists study fossils and artifacts to learn about past human life. Starfish fossil Cuneiform Chopper and flake

  3. ARCHAEOLOGY • The deeper an artifact is found in the earth’s surface, the older it is. •What circumstances could make this an inaccurate statement? •earthquakes •floods, including tsunamis •human interaction with the environment -construction, roads, cities

  4. First Civilizations

  5. The First Civilization

  6. Rivers • The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers make up the rivers in the Fertile Crescent. • Flooding occurred during the spring, but it was unpredictable. • To control the flooding, early Mesopotamians built dams and channels.

  7. Why did people settle in river valleys? • Water- drinking, bathing, cooking • Irrigation-to water crops • Trade • Transportation-easy to move from one place to another • Farming-rich, fertile soil • Food-fish, oysters, clams

  8. Writing • Cuneiform- the first writing system •wedge-shaped symbols were made on clay tablets

  9. Cuneiform Numbers

  10. Cylinder Seals

  11. Scribe • Recorded the history and kept records. •Sons of wealthy families learned how to read and write. •They studied reading, writing, and mathematics.

  12. Social Classes • Upper Class 1. King 2. Priests 3. Government officials

  13. Social Classes • Middle class 1. Artisans 2. Merchants 3. Farmers 4. Fishers 5. Traders

  14. Social Classes • Lower class •enslaved people 1. Prisoners of war 2. Debtors-people who owed money •could be bought and sold

  15. Caravans and Trade

  16. Cedar of Lebanon

  17. Kings and War • Sargon was the King of Akkad •He built the first empire. •The Akkadian Empire last nearly 200 years.

  18. King Hammurabi of Babylon • King of Babylonia. • The Code of Hammurabi was the first written laws. The laws were carved in stone and placed in the middle of the city.

  19. Examples of the laws • Officials were expected to catch burglars. If they didn’t, the officials had to replace the stolen property. • If a murder took place, and the murderers weren’t found, the officials had to pay a fine to the victim’s family.

  20. Responsibility • Builders were held responsible for the houses they built. If a house collapsed and caused the death of the owner, the builder would be put to death. If the homeowner’s son was killed, the builder’s son would be put to death. If the goods were destroyed, they had to be replaced and the house had to be rebuilt by the builder. This would be done at the builder’s expense.

  21. Women in the Code • Women had fewer privileges and rights in marriage than men did. • A woman’s place was in the home and failure to fulfill her expected duties were grounds for divorce. • If she was unable to have children or left home to engage in business, her husband could divorce her. If she was a gadabout, neglecting her house and humiliating her husband, she could be drown.

  22. Family • If a son struck his father, his hand shall be cut off. • If a son committed a serious offense a father could be disinherited.

  23. King Nebuchadnezzar • Controlled Mesopotamia from 605 BC --> 562 BC • “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” were built to please his wife

  24. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

  25. Religion • They were polytheistic (belief in many gods). •Creator god - Marduk •Father of the gods - Enlil •Sky god - Anu •Goddess of creation - Nammu

  26. Ziggurat The ziggurat was a grand temple. It also served as the Treasury and palaces and royal storehouses were built around it. There was only one entrance.

  27. Inventions • Wagon wheel People soon realized that wheels could be attached to carts or chariots. They could be used for getting around.

  28. Wheels for the Chariots

  29. Invention • Plow •the wooden plow was first used here and they were pulled by oxen. •used to prepare the soil for planting the seeds.

  30. Invention • Sailboats moved products from place to place.

  31. Food Domesticated wheat Early Mesopotamians raised cattle, sheep, and goats. They grew barley, wheat, and flax.

  32. Crops in the Fertile Crescent • Grain crops which were used to make bread, beer, and food for farm animals. • Vegetables-greens, peas, beans, onions, spinach and garlic • Fruits-dates, grapes, and juicy figs • Non-food crop-flax •used to make linseed oil and fiber to make linen textiles.

  33. Games, Music and Sports • Backgammon • Dice • Swimming • Playing with hoops • Jump ropes • Toy weapons

  34. Epic of Gilgamesh • Winged Messengers The Ark The Raven

  35. Epic of Gilgamesh • The serpent After Enkidu’s death, Gilgamesh tried to find everlasting life.

  36. This concludes the review of Chapter 4.

More Related