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N eutrinos options at CERN

N eutrinos options at CERN. R. Garoby – 27/04/2009. OUTLINE. Context: plans for future LHC injectors Potential neutrino options 2.1 “Conventional” n beams: CNGS SPS with the new injectors Low energy n “Super-beam” 2.2 Neutrino Factory 2.3 Beta beams 3. Summary.

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N eutrinos options at CERN

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  1. Neutrinos options at CERN R. Garoby – 27/04/2009

  2. OUTLINE • Context: plans for future LHC injectors • Potential neutrino options • 2.1 “Conventional” n beams: • CNGS • SPS with the new injectors • Low energy n “Super-beam” • 2.2 Neutrino Factory • 2.3 Beta beams • 3. Summary

  3. Plans for future LHC injectors

  4. Motivation • 1. Reliability ­ • The present accelerators are getting old (PS is 48 years old !) and they operate far beyond their initial design parameters • Þ need for new accelerators designed for the needs of SLHC • 2. Performance ­ • Brightness N/e* of the beam in LHC must be • increased beyond the capability of the present • injectors to allow for phase 2 of the LHC upgrade. • [Excessive incoherent space charge tune spreads • DQSC at injection in the PSB and PS]. • Þ need to increase the injection energy in the synchrotrons • Increase injection energy in the PSB from 50 to 160 MeV kinetic • Increase injection energy in the SPS from 25 to 50 GeV kinetic • Design the PS successor (PS2) with an acceptable space charge effect for the maximum beam envisaged for sLHC => injection energy of 4 GeV.

  5. Description Proton flux / Beam power 50 MeV Linac2 Linac4 160 MeV LP-SPL: Low Power - Superconducting Proton Linac (4-5 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV) sLHC: “Super-luminosity” LHC (up to 1035 cm-2s-1) DLHC: “Double energy” LHC (1 to ~14 TeV) PSB (LP)SPL 1.4 GeV 4 GeV PS 26 GeV PS2 50 GeV Output energy SPS 450 GeV SPS+ 1 TeV LHC / SLHC DLHC 7 TeV ~ 14 TeV

  6. PS2 parameters PS2 goals: • to provide the beam brightness required by all sLHC options • to improve SPS operation in fixed target mode

  7. PS2 injector Requirements of PS2 on its injector:

  8. Why an SPL? • An H- linac combined with charge exchange injection in the following synchrotron is a proven solution for reliably reaching high beam brightness, • Superconducting accelerating structures allow for reaching 4 GeV with a single accelerator (minimum beam loss/irradiation + maximum reliability), • An SPL provides a large potential of extension to adapt to future needs. Among the identified possibilities: • Radioactive ion beam facility (4 MW at ~ 2.5 GeV) • Proton driver for a neutrino factory (4 MW at 5 GeV) [design available] • e+/e- acceleration to ~20 GeV (using recirculation in the b=1 part of the SPL) for LHeC [preliminary study in progress] • Large synergy with other projects (ESS, ADS, EURISOL, SNS…) and access to EU support for R & D.

  9. 160 MeV 50 MeV 3 MeV 102 MeV H- source RFQ DTL chopper CCDTL PIMS 352.2 MHz Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 1 (1/2) LINAC4 Layout Beam characteristics

  10. Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 1 (2/2) • Milestones • End CE works: December 2010 • Infrastructure: 2011 • Installation: • 2011-2012 • Commissioning: 2012-2013 • Modifications PSB: shut-down 2013/14 • Beam from PSB: 1rst of April 2014

  11. 160 MeV 4 GeV 50 MeV 643 MeV 3 MeV 102 MeV H- source RFQ DTL chopper CCDTL PIMS β=0.65 β=0.92 352.2 MHz 704.4 MHz Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (1/4) LP-SPL + PS2 Linac4 (160 MeV) SC-linac (4 GeV) Length: 470 m LP-SPL beam characteristics

  12. Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (2/4) LP-SPL + PS2 Construction of LP-SPL and PS2 will not interfere with the regular operation of Linac4 + PSB for physics. Similarly, beam commissioning of LP-SPL and PS2 will take place without interference with physics. Critical path: Design Study & Civil Engineering! DRAFT • First milestones • Project proposal: 2011- 2012 • Project start: January 2013

  13. Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (3/4) Site layout SPS PS2 ISOLDE PS SPL Linac4

  14. Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 2 (4/4)

  15. 160 MeV 5 GeV 50 MeV 643 MeV 3 MeV 102 MeV H- source RFQ DTL chopper CCDTL PIMS β=0.65 β=1.0 352.2 MHz 704.4 MHz Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 3 (1/2) HP-SPL Linac4 (160 MeV) SC-linac (5 GeV) HP-SPL beam characteristics

  16. Implementation of the new injectors: Stage 3 (2/2) HP-SPL • The upgrade from LP-SPL to HP-SPL will depend upon the approval of major new physics programmes for Radioactive Ion beams (EURISOL-type facility) and/or for neutrinos (Neutrino factory). • Staged hardware upgrade during shutdowns • Earliest year of operation: >2020

  17. Potential neutrino options

  18. CERN Gran Sasso CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: CNGS (1/2) from E. Gschwendtner • 732 km baseline • From CERN to Gran Sasso (Italy) [Elevation of 5.9°] • Far detectors: • OPERA (1.21 kt), Icarus (600 t) • Commissioned 2006 • Operational since 2007 Proton beam characteristics • From SPS: 400 GeV/c • Cycle length: 6 s • Extractions: • 2 separated by 50ms • Pulse length: 10.5ms • Beam intensity: • 2x 2.4 · 1013 ppp • s ~0.5 mm • Beam performance: • 4.5· 1019 pot/year

  19. TBID 2.7m 43.4m 100m 1095m 18m 5m 67m 5m CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: CNGS (2/2) from E. Gschwendtner p + C (interactions) p+,K+  (decay in flight) m+ + nm • Air cooled graphite target magazine • 4 in situ spares • 2.7 interaction lengths • Target table movable horizontally/vertically for alignment • TBID multiplicity detector • 2 horns (horn and reflector) • Water cooled, pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150/180kA, 0.3Hz, remote polarity change possible • Decay pipe: • 1000m, diameter 2.45m, 1mbar vacuum • Hadron absorber: • Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons • 2 muon monitor stations: muon fluxes and profiles

  20. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (1/3) from M. Meddahi

  21. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (2/3) from M. Meddahi

  22. CONVENTIONAL n BEAMS: SPS with new injectors (3/3) from M. Meddahi Performance range: 2 – 4 x flux for CNGS

  23. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (1/4) from M. Aiba • An HP-SPL based 5 GeV – 4 MW proton driver has been designed [HP-SPL + 2 fixed energy rings (accumulator & compressor)]

  24. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (2/4) Accumulator [120 ns pulses - 95 ns gaps] SPL beam [42 bunches - 33 gaps] Compressor [120 ns bunch - V(h=3) = 4 MV] Target [2 ns bunches – 5 times]

  25. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (3/4) from M. Aiba

  26. n FACTORY: SPL-based proton driver (4/4) from M. Aiba Only the accumulator would be needed for a low energy n superbeam

  27. g=100 b BEAM FACILITY: Principle from E. Wildner • Aim: production of (anti-)n beams from the b decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring • Similar concept to the n factory, but parent particle is a b-active isotope instead of a m. • Beta-decay at rest • n-spectrum well known from electron spectrum • Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV • Accelerate parent ion to relativistic gmax • Boosted n energy spectrum: En  2gQ • Forward focusing of n:   1/g • Pure electron (anti-)n beam! • Depending on b+- or b- - decay we get a n or anti-n • Two different parent ions for n and anti-n beams • Physics applications of a beta-beam • Primarily n oscillation physics and CP-violation • Cross-sections of n-nucleus interaction Aim: production of (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring • Similar concept to the neutrino factory, but parent particle is a beta-active isotope instead of a muon. Beta-decay at rest • n-spectrum well known from electron spectrum • Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV • Accelerate parent ion to relativistic gmax • Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: En  2gQ • Forward focusing of neutrinos:   1/g • Pure electron (anti-)neutrino beam! • Depending on b+- or b- - decay we get a neutrino or anti-neutrino • Two different parent ions for neutrino and anti-neutrino beams • Physics applications of a beta-beam • Primarily neutrino oscillation physics and CP-violation • Cross-sections of neutrino-nucleus interaction

  28. top-down approach b BEAM FACILITY: EURISOL scenario from E. Wildner • Based on CERN boundaries • Ion choice: 6He and 18Ne • Based on existing technology and machines • Ion production through ISOL technique • Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac • Rapid cycling synchrotron • Use of existing machines: PS and SPS • Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions • SPS allows maximum of 150 (6He) or 250 (18Ne) • Gamma choice optimized for physics reach • Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory • Achieve an annual neutrino rate of • 2.9*1018 anti-neutrinos from 6He • 1.1 1018 neutrinos from 18Ne • The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euron we will study 8Li and 8B

  29. ISOL method at 1-2 GeV (200 kW) > 1 10136He per second < 8 101118Ne per second Studied within EURISOL Direct production > 1 1013 (?) 6He per second 1 101318Ne per second Studied at LLN, Soreq, WI and GANIL Production ring 1014 (?) 8Li > 1013 (?) 8B Will be studied within EURO-n b BEAM FACILITY: Ions production schemes (1/2) from E. Wildner Aim: He 2.9 1018 (2.0 1013/s) Ne 1.1 1018 (2.0 1013/s) Courtesy M. Lindroos

  30. b BEAM FACILITY: Ions production schemes (2/2) from E. Wildner Courtesy M. Lindroos

  31. Summary

  32. (1/2) • There has been significant progress during the past years in the definition of CERN future proton accelerators for the needs of LHC • The possibility to upgrade to high beam power has been studied and kept compatible with the proposals • HOWEVER • Schedule is continuously shifting (level of resources + better understanding of Civil Engineering needs…) • Numerous issues deserve special investigation to prepare for multi-MW proton drivers (Beam dynamics and hardware design for the accelerators, Design of target and target area…) • The possibility to upgrade to high beam power will have a cost: approval by the CERN Council cannot be taken as granted.

  33. (2/2) • MILESTONES • 2009: “Definition of the CERN scientific strategy” • 10-13 May 2009: workshop on New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN • September 2009: workshop on neutrino physics (organized by a working group of the CERN SPC) • 2012: “Authorization of the new projects” • June 2012: Council decision (the whole planning is locked on the starting date) J If the case for a high power SPL is strong, it would be ideal to immediately implement it. L If the high power option is considered of too low interest, the investment required to implement it later can be rejected. • End of 2010’s: “Start of commissioning of sLHC”

  34. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

  35. SPARE SLIDES

  36. Linac4 accelerating structures PIMS Linac4 accelerates H- ions up to 160 MeV energy: • in about 80 m length • using 4 different accelerating structures, all at 352 MHz • the Radio-Frequency power is produced by 19 klystrons • focusing of the beam is provided by 111 Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles and 33 Electromagnetic Quadrupoles A 70 m long transfer line connects to the existing line Linac2 - PS Booster

  37. Linac4 civil engineering Equipment building ground level Linac4 tunnel Linac4-Linac2 transfer line Low-energy injector Access building

  38. Equipment Hall (Bld. 400)

  39. Linac4 tunnel cross-section Final position of cable trays:

  40. REFERENCES- SPL -

  41. http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1136901/files/CERN-AB-2008-067.pdfhttp://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1136901/files/CERN-AB-2008-067.pdf

  42. Comparison of frequencies (1/2)

  43. Comparison of frequencies (2/2)

  44. Conclusions of the assessment

  45. SPL cryomodules

  46. REFERENCES- Site Layouts (Stage 3) -

  47. Plan for a Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (Stage 3) HP-SPL EURISOL EXPERIMENTAL HALLS RADIOACTIVE IONS LINAC TARGETS ISOLDE OR EURISOL HIGH ENERGY EXPERIMENTAL HALL TRANSFER LINE SPL to ISOLDE TRANSFER LINES SPL to EURISOL

  48. Plan for a Neutrino Factory (Stage 3) MUON ACCELERATORS MUON PRODUCTION TARGET MUON STORAGE RING ACCUMULATOR & COMPRESSOR SPL

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