10 th American History Unit III- U.S. Foreign Policy World War II - today

1. 10th American HistoryUnit III- U.S. Foreign PolicyWorld War II - today Nixon to Bush #2 Chapter 35 Sections 3 + 4 Pg. 888-896

2. Reading Quiz 1. What did the Panama Canal treaties do? 2. Who were the Khmer Rouge? 3. Who were the Pathet Lao? 4. What is a third world country? 5. In what country are the “Killing Fields”? 6. What are the Camp David Accords? 7. What was Kissinger’s Shuttle Diplomacy? 8. What happened at Helsinki?

3. Henry Kissinger and Foreign Affairs Henry Alfred Kissinger was the 56th Secretary of State of the United States from 1973 to 1977 Dr. Kissinger was born in Fuerth, Germany, on May 27, 1923, came to the United States in 1938, and was naturalized a United States citizen on June 19, 1943. He received the BA Degree Summa Cum Laude at Harvard College in 1950 and the MA and PhD Degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954 respectively. Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977 Kissinger and North Vietnamese foreign minister Le Duc Tho were jointly offered the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their roles in negotiating a ceasefire and U.S. withdrawal from the protracted Vietnam War. Kissinger pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, seeking a relaxation in tensions between the two superpowers.

4. Helsinki Agreements - 1975 • Each nation agrees not to intervene in the affairs of the other nations. • Each nation agree to refrain from aiding terrorist activities, or to subversive actions designed to overthrow the governement of another participating State • Participating state also agreed- to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms- including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief. (However the USSR did not share this democratic belief) • States agreed to respect equal rights and self-determination of peoples.

5. Middle East 1975 • UN authorized cease fire resolution. • Kissinger- Shuttle diplomacy- shuttling between the two sides to enable them to communicate and reach an agreement. • Egypt and Israel renounced force to settle disputes. They both moved back and created a large buffer zone. • U.S. troops stationed in zone to monitor movement.

6. Fall of Cambodia • Fall of Cambodia • 1970 Prince Norodom Sihanouk ousted by Lon Nol • Lon Nol tries to oust the North Vietnamese in Cambodia using it as a refuge. With American help- he fails. • North Vietnamese overrun 1/2 of Cambodia and train the Khmer Rouge • Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot (leader) • Deadly force, no desire for peace or compromise, outlawed technology. • Pol Pot ruthless leader • After 2000 years of Cambodia History 1975 would be Year Zero for Cambodia

7. Killing Fields • Killing Fields- 1975 • cities emptied or people sent to the countryside. Phnom Penh • new rules- religion, money and private ownership were all banned; communications with the outside world elimated; family relationships dismantled. All previous rights and responsibilities were thrown out the window. • New People with education, doctor, teacher, lawyers, etc. were killed. They chose to live in cities and were easy to identify. • The CIA estimated that between 50,000 and 100,000 people were executed by the Khmer Rouge, but executions represented only a minority of the death toll, which mostly came from starvation. • Boat People- refuges. • Dec. 28, 1978- Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia- Liberators or Invaders? The end of the Khmer Rouge

8. Killing Fields 2:41 min.

9. Victory of North Vietnam - 1975 • Collapse of ARVN and South Vietnamese Government- The South Vietnamese Army withdrew from the Central Highland, leaving Saigon open to invasion from the North Vietnamese. The United States refused to provide additional aid • April 21, the South Vietnamese president resigned and fled • Fall of Siagon- On April 30, 1975, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese tanks. • The End-On April 30, just as the last U.S. helicopter was lifting off, the North Vietnamese Army swept into Saigon

10. End of Laos 1975 • Years of bitter revolutionary struggle, ending with Americas secret war between 1964 and 1973, left Laos the most bombed country in the history of warfare. • Fall of Laos- In 1975 the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government. • Pathet Lao was a communist, nationalist political movement and organization in Laos. Hmong rebels CIA secret army- left behind

11. Issue of Human Rights • Carter took a bold stand on Human Rights. • By praising Russian dissidents (Sakarov) he angered the Russian government. • He cut aid to Ethiopia, Argentina, and Brazil because of human rights violations. • Critics felt Carter needed to be more behind the scenes rather than so public.

12. Dealing with Russia • SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty • SALT I- about to expire • SALT II- Carter has a broad plan for limitation. • Carter admits the US is more powerful and the Russia should fear this. (Cruise missile for ex.) • He backed off on Russia human rights violations. • June 1979- SALT II is signed. • However due to increased suspicion about Russian intentions the Senate never approved the treaty. It did not become law.

13. Panama Canal Treaties • Why- • The U.S. had been in control of Canal since 1903 and could be forever. • Riots in Panama demanding control of canal, the biggest industry in Panama. • Panamanian Dictator Omar Torrijos threatened to blow up the canal if the U.S. didn't get out. • 1st Treaty • U.S. hands over Canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999 • 2nd Treaty • Canal to be neutral waterway • U.S. has permanent right to protect and defend that neutrality.

14. Changing World • Two Worlds- East and West- US and USSR • Third World- nations in Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa who were not attached to either East or West. (Non-aligned) • Developed Nations- industrialized nations • Developing nations- • Underdeveloped poorer nations looking for help. • 2/3 of world’s population • Useful allies, raw materials, and profitable trade. • How to win them over???

15. History of Arab/Israeli conflict • Judea- home of the Jews in ancient times, was conquered by the Romans and renamed Palestine. • Palestine- conquered and ruled by Arabs for over a thousand years. • The Zionist movement- to restore the Jews to Israel, ignoring the existing Arab population. • 1917- Palestine was granted to Britain as a League of Nations mandate to build a national home for the Jewish people. • Arabs resented the Jews coming in to take their land. they rioted repeatedly and later revolted creating a history of hatred. British stopped Jewish immigration • After the Holocaust- increased Jewish immigration to Palestine. • 1947-UN partitioned the land into Arab and Jewish states. • Arabs did not accept the partition and war broke out. • Jews won the war and expanded their state several hundred thousand Palestinian refugees. • The Arab states refused to recognize Israel or make peace with it. • Wars broke out in 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982, and there were many terror raids and Israeli reprisals. • Each side believes different versions of the same history. Each side views the conflict as wholly the fault of the other and expects an apology

16. Problems in the Middle East 1970’s • Religious conflicts between- Muslims, Christian, and Jews. • No Arab state had yet recognized Isreal’s right to exist as a country. Terrorism • What about the Palestinian Question? • PLO- Palestinian Liberation Organization. Terrorism against Israel.

17. Camp David Accords • Camp David Accords- 1977 • Anwar Sadat- new President of Egypt- wants peace with Israel. • Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel • President Jimmy Carter of U.S.A • All three meet at Camp David, the presidential retreat. • Sept. 17. 1978 peace agreement reached. • Other Arab nation objected and said Egypt acts alone. Arabs put a economic boycott on Egypt.

18. Iran and the United States • Shah of Iran • Improved education • Women’s rights • Improved public health • U.S. ally • but was a dictator, corrupt, and used torture to westernize • Islamic revolution • Overthrew the Shah. Shah goes to US for Cancer treatment • Ayatollah Khomeini- New Fanatical Muslim leader of Iran • Fundamental Islam • U.S. Embassy in Teheran • Our interest were oil based. • Islamic fundamentalist mob invades embassy and siezed the Americans there. • Demand return of Shah and unfreeze Iranian assets • Carter refuses the demands • Hostage Crisis- 52 for 444 days Kathryn L. Koob, 42 - Embassy Cultural Officer; one of two female hostages.

19. Iran and the United States 5:30 min.

20. Nicaragua 1979 • Dictator Anastasio Somoza is overthrown by Marxist rebels. (U.S. had helped his father get control) • US recognizes the rebel government hoping to work with it to keep the Communists from setting up another base of operations. • The rebels- The Sandinistas, named after the resistance leader Cesar Augusto Sandino, started their struggle in Nicaragua in 1962. In the seventies this culminated in a civil war against the government of President Somoza, the third president of the Somoza dynasty since 1933. • Sandanistas, were not willing to work with the U.S.

21. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan- 1979 • U.S. embargoes grain sales and technology, and culture exchanges to USSR. • U.S. and 61 other nations boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow • The Soviet stay in Afghanistan until April 14, 1988- Soviet Vietnam.

22. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan- 1979 5:15 min.