The EU and its member states- Europeanization

1. The EU and its member states- Europeanization

2. The specificity of foreign and security policy cooperation and integration • Foreign policy cooperation is the least likely case of cooperation not only in the EU context • Foreign policy adaptation cannot be explained in terms of domestic demands • Changes in EU MSs foreign policy cannot be adequately explained in terms of ‘functional spillover’ or ‘political spillover’ • Policy outcomes rarely reflected the lowest common denominator • There were no permanent cleavages and power blocs in EPC, • Outside influences has not been very strong motivation for EU foreign policy cooperation M.E. Smith (2004)

3. Instrumental and constructivist logic of interests formation • Instrumental logic of interest formation in an intergovernmental setting where the MSs retain veto power • specific bargains take place, often in the form of side-payments and issue-linkages. If bargains are not allowed and the states retain their veto power, the most likely result is the lowest common denominator solution. • Agenda-setting and leadership: the largest and most powerful states often have the most impact • Change in both institutions and substantive policies: minimum institutional change in the absence of powerful internal and external forces. • Social rationality • Privileges debating over bargaining • Leadership in the system comes from any legitimate actor; • Allows for more dynamism in the absence of internal and external pressures

4. Institutionalised forms of EU’s foreign policy-making • Intergovernmental instrumental rationality: governments bargain among themselves in weakly institutionalised settings (periodic summits) and achieve gains that must be approved (explicitly or tacitly) by their respective constituents • Supranational decision-making: intense common interests, EU governments have delegated their sovereignty over those policies to EC institutions and procedures • Transgovernmental network- a system where relevant officials conduct an intense discourse about foreign policy issues away from the glare of intergovernmental summits

5. Development of EU’s foreign policy cooperation • Creation and structure of the original intergovernmental forum of EPC • Expansion of the transgovernmental EPC/CFSP communications network to support the intergovernmental forum forum • Emergence and codification of EU foreign policy rules governing EU MSs and EU institutions such as the Commission.

6. Transgovernmental EPC network • 1973 EPC COREU system - encrypted telex network • Maastricht Treaty- the network extended to include new officials CFSP Councillors in COREPER and more representatives of other EC institutions, the Commission and the Secretariat General of the Council of Ministers • The importance of communication channels for redefining problems, interests and policy options

7. EU foreign policy rules • 1977 coutumier (custom), the SEA gave them treaty status • Receuil (collection) • Acquis politique • Consultation • Coordination reflex • Confidentiality- states could not use the information shared to embarrass or blame other states. • Domaines reserves • The role of the rotating six-month presidency in foreign affairs

8. EPC/ CFSP performance record • Actions • Functions • Instruments • Consistency: more linkages of external policies of the EC and those formulated under EPC/CFSP • National adaptation on substantive EPC/ CFSP issues