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Module 6: Water Supply and Waste Treatment

Module 6: Water Supply and Waste Treatment. Issues. Natural water Domestic water Sewage. Occurrence of Freshwater in the Arctic. Glaciers and ice caps hold much of Arctic’s freshwater (Greenland’s ice cap contains 10% of world’s freshwater)

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Module 6: Water Supply and Waste Treatment

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  1. Module 6: Water Supply and Waste Treatment

  2. Issues • Natural water • Domestic water • Sewage

  3. Occurrence of Freshwater in the Arctic • Glaciers and ice caps hold much of Arctic’s freshwater (Greenland’s ice cap contains 10% of world’s freshwater) • Glaciers and accumulated snow in mountain feed Arctic rivers • Many wetlands, ponds, and lakes • Groundwater is scarce in permafrost areas

  4. Freshwater Cycle

  5. Key Characteristics of Arctic Freshwater • Drastic cycles in lakes and rivers each year • Thick or solid ice in winter  high water flow in spring (can be destructive) • In areas dominated by vegetation, freshwater carries high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) • E.g. humic and fulvic acids (colour the water) • Supports an array of flora and fauna in sediment and water column (bacteria, protists, algae, micro-invertebrates) • Essential habitat for freshwater fish (few in Arctic), anadromous fish, waterfowl, mammals • Part of the freshwater food web that recycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and other nutrients

  6. Overview • Impacts on aquatic receiving environment • Import of nutrients to marine environment • Import of toxicants to marine environment • Barrier to fish migration

  7. Mackenzie River Delta

  8. Concepts Acid rain • Rainfall with a pH of less than 7.0 (in practical terms, <5.0). • Rain + Sulphur Dioxide • Same as acid deposition Effects are a function of the pH buffering capacity of the environment.

  9. Concepts Nutrients • As a pollutant, any element or compound, such as phosphorous or nitrogen, that fuels abnormally high organic growth in aquatic systems (i.e. eutrophication). • As a fertilizer, any element or compound, principally P, N, K, S, that are limited in availability, hence influence plant growth (e.g. algae) in water Note: Can be used to precipitate pollutants in algae through long-term sedimentation.

  10. Concepts Effluents • The sewage or industrial liquid waste that is released into natural water by sewage treatment plants or structures to treat industrial water (including mine water) Receiving waters • A river, lake, ocean, etc., into which waste water or treated effluent is discharged

  11. Drinking Water in the North Issues • Wells for extracting ground water is not an option • Underground water lines in permafrost require insulation; installation of such infrastructure is a challenge • Reservoirs are above ground and insulated • Quality drinking water is generally available

  12. Sanitation of Water Inadequate sanitation may lead to: • Gastrointestinal illness • Hepatitis A • Bronchitis • Meningitis • Other bacterial infection • Skin and eye diseases Note: lack of running water has consequences in terms of poor hygiene

  13. Concepts Drinking Water: • Water intended for human consumption but which has other household uses

  14. Best Practices • Prevention of the contamination of water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater sources) • Treatment of water • Proper maintenance of water distribution systems • Regular monitoring of drinking water • Public education and awareness (especially for “in house” water distribution)

  15. Waste Water Sewage • Liquid waste from toilets, baths and showers, kitchens, that is disposed via sewers, trucking, or on site treatment systems Industrial Waste Water • Waste water from industries of mines. Generally involves some on site processing

  16. Treatment Stages • Primary: Mechanical treatment to reduce coarse solids, sand and dirt, oils and grease Note: Ideal as pre-treatment or for treating “surface” water (e.g. street water) Note: Involves screening, sedimentation, skimming

  17. Treatment Stages • Secondary: Treatments designed to degrade biological content of sewage (e.g. human waste, food waste) through aerobic biological processes Note: Require aeration for bacterial and protozoan activities to degrade organic compounds Note: Effluent water and sludge are by-products

  18. Treatment Stages • Tertiary: Advanced stages of treatment to raise the effluent quality to the standard required before it is discharged to the receiving environment Potential steps: Filtration, polishing, ponding (lagoons, wetlands), nutrient removal, disinfection. Note: Industrial contaminants remain an issue.

  19. Primary Sewage Treatment

  20. Common Options for Secondary Sewage Treatment

  21. Issues for Arctic Environments • Small communities cannot support extensive sewage treatments • Storage tanks and transfer sites (closed to houses) are sources of contamination • Overland treatment of raw sewage is often the only approach to treat sewage • Nutrient loading and sewage-based contaminants are key issues • Leaching into the marine environment

  22. LAGOON 1 LAGOON 2 LAGOON 3 OVERLAND FLOW AREA PUMP SYSTEM Arviat, Nunavut

  23. Arviat, Nunavut

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