Westward Movement

1. Westward Movement Chapter 6, 7, and 9

2. Louisiana Purchase • Sold by Napoleon to James Monroe for $15 million. • He failed to build an empire in the Western Hemisphere. • Impt – allowed westward expansion, added 13 states, increased U.S. prestige, and promoted national identity.

3. Lewis and Clark • Sent out by Jefferson to map out new territory. • Aided by Sacagawea – guide and interpreter. • Lasted 2 ½ years.

4. World Trade • U.S. outraged by pirating of ships. • The Chesapeake incident. • Embargo Act of 1807 – only hurt Americans.

5. Confrontations with Indians • Fueled by Westen Expansion. • Tecumseh – thought best way to protect lands was a military alliance among Indian nations from Great Lakes to Gulf of Mex.

6. Battle of Tippecanoe • William Henry Harrison set up an attack while Tecumseh was down south. • Indian forces tried to attack army camp. • Ended in Indian and Brit defeat.

7. Congress Declares War! • James Madison is Pres at this time – War of 1812. • Most Americans blamed Brit for Indian uprising b/c they supplied them.

8. War of 1812 • Causes • Economic concerns – trade had been affected • National honor • Desire for Land • Party politics – Not supported by Federalists • U.S. ill prepared – Republicans did not levy taxes and reduced the military.

9. First Phase • Focused on conquest of Canada – failure. • More success at sea. • Battle of Thames – turning point; Harrison led defeat of Brit and Indians to break hold in NW Territories. Tecumseh was killed in this battle.

10. Second Phase • Brit wanted to invade from Canada and the South. • August 1814 – Brit attacked Washington and burned capitol.

11. Major Setback • American forces stood strong at Fort McHenry in Baltimorefor 25 hours. • Francis Scott Key writes Star Spangled Banner from what he sees.

12. Battle of New Orleans • Jan of 1815. • Andrew Jackson organized the disorganized in the final and most decisive battle of the War of 1812. • After the Treaty is signed, but Jackson wanted to act like he did not know this.

13. Treaty of Ghent • Signed in Dec of 1814. • Officially ended the war and returned all conquered territories.

14. War was a Turning Point for U.S. • Strengthened control of NW Territory. • Finally peace between Brit and U.S. • Indians and Canadians saw their chances to self govern go away. • Federalist party fades away as Dem-Rep become the dominant party.

15. Chapter 7

16. Nationalism • National pride and loyalty, and that national interest should be placed over regional concerns.

17. Election 1816 • Monroe wins as a Rep. • Americans did not support Fed b/c they did not support War of 1812. • Known for Era of Good Feelings.

18. Adams-Onis Treaty • Spain “gave” us East Florida. • Also gave us a boundary between Spanish territory and Louisiana Purchase.

19. Rush-Bagot Agreement • Pact that limited naval power in the Great Lakes for Brit and U.S. • We also settled on a border with Canada at the 49th Parallel.

20. Monroe Doctrine • Policy that stated the U.S. would not interfere in European colonies in Latin Am, but would consider any new attempt to colonize in the Western Hemisphere an act of hostility.

21. American System – dev by Monroe • Promoted by Clay. • Called for a national bank. Old bank was not recharted. • Protective tarrif. • National Transportation System. • Rep deciding to support stronger national government.

22. Transportation Revolution • Network of canals built (Erie Canal). • Steamboats (Fulton’s Clermont). • 1000’s of miles of RR tracks. • Trains had adv b/c they could go wherever tracks were laid.

23. Industrial Revolution • Shift to machine production. • Began in Brit. • Mass production of goods. • Cotton Gin, Spinning machines, and interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)

24. Missouri Compromise • In 1820 – led by Clay. • Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. • Banned slavery in the rest of the LA Purchase north of 36.30’ Lat.

25. Election of 1824 • Jackson wins popular vote. • No one wins majority EC votes. • John Quincy Adams wins election in House. • He did not play party politics so he was unsuccessful.

26. Election of 1828 • First modern campaign b/ween Adams and Jackson. • Jackson wins with new voting laws. • Nicknamed “Old Hickory”, and known as a “man of the people.”

27. Jacksonian Democracy • It was the dramatic expansion of political participation regardless of class. • His supporters were known as the Dem Party. • Spoils System (241) • Favored a rotation in office (242) • People’s Pres b/c of his faith in the ability of American people to govern themselves. • Appointed qualified people, regardless of party or social class.

28. Jackson and American Indians • Indian Removal Act – providing for relocation of Indians living east of Miss River to Indian territory in what is now OK. • Was saying this was humanitarian. • Worcester v. Georgia – ruled in favor of Cherokee by limiting state power over them.

29. Trail of Tears - 1838 • Federal troops forced remaining 18,000 Cherokee to abandon their lands. 4000 died on the 800-mile journey to OK. • The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow and rivers run."

30. Nullification Crisis • Led by Calhoun of SC. • Over tariffs on imports. • Refusing to obey an act of congress was known as doctrine of nullification. • Calhoun resigned as VP in 1832, and SC threatened to secede. • Clay came up with a tariff compromise.

31. Opposition to National Bank • Jackson hated the bank, and felt the rich controlled the banks and money. • Jackson vetoed rechartering of bank, but still beat Clay in election of 1832. • Stopped depositing money in it. • Led to financial crisis and Panic of 1837.

32. Rise of Whigs • Name from British party that opposed the King. “King Andrew” • William Henry Harrison wins Election of 1840 easily over Martin Van Buren b/c • of dislike for Jackson • economic crisis. • Harrison dies 4 months in with pneumonia, and Tyler takes over.

34. Chapter 9: Sections 2-4 • Standard 2.1 and 2.2

35. Manifest Destiny • Coined by John L. O’Sullivan. • Belief of Americans that God intended the U.S. to expand westward. • He believed we should extend to the Pacific Ocean. • Objections – Land had already been claimed by other nations, and U.S. would be to big to govern effectively.

36. Mexican Texas • Why Mexico was able to add Americans here? • Offered cheap land and freedom from taxes to boost non-American Indian population. • Hoped new citizens would be barrier to Indians….Apache and Comanche. • Also enough recruits might prevent U.S. invasion into Mexico • Tejanos – native Mexicans who lived in Texas. • Empresarios - people who agreed to recruit and take responsibility of new settlers.

37. Stephen F. Austin • Finished colony in Texas started by his father, Moses Austin, who was invited to settle a colony of Americans in east Texas. The only conditions were that the Americans convert to Catholicism, renounce their American citizenship, become "Mexicanized," and either free or leave behind their slaves. Most of these requests were ignored, and not easily enforceable. • Recruited settlers by offering cheap land, and people were allowed to bring slaves.

38. Events of Texas Rev • Mexico closed the Texas border to immigrants from the U.S. in 1830. • Feared a rebellion in Texas and U.S. invasion.

39. How does Texas get around the Slave Issue • Had been banned by Mexican Legislatures. • Texans classified their slaves as indentured servants to get around this law. • Felt they needed slaves for cotton industry.

40. Texas Rev Cont’d • 1833 – Santa Anna was elected President and est dictatorial control over Mexican Gov’t. • Angered many Mexican residents. • Austin was jailed while trying to make peace. • U.S. settlers and Tejanos rose up in revolt in 1835 against Mexican military.

41. Alamo • Texas rebels led by Travis and Bowie were defeated by Santa Anna after putting down repeated attacks on the Fort. 189 killed after 2 weeks of standing up to Mexico. • Only 3 survivors – told to let everyone know what happened.

42. Goliad • Major Battle of Texas Revolution. • Over 300 Texans surrounded in good faith, but Santa Anna ordered them to be executed. • All were killed by firing squad, and those that survived were then bayoneted. • Another victory for Santa Anna.

43. Battle of San Jacinto • Led by Sam Houston, commander of Texas army. • Attacked during siesta. • Texans won and took Santa Anna prisoner. • Cries of “Remember the Alamo!”

44. Sam Houston • Elected first President of the Independent Republic of Texas.

45. Annexation of Texas • Petitioned U.S. Congress in 1837. • 2 Problems: • Northerners opposed another slave state. • U.S. used cautious foreign policy.

46. Problems for Texas • Needed to increase population – lots of immigrants. • Financial crisis – lack of tax revenue. • Had to protect citizens – came up with Texas Rangers.

47. Texas Annexation Argument For and Against: • For – worried if not annexed they would ally with Britain. • Against – would increase slave states’ power in Congress

48. James K. Polk • Dem from Tenn. • Wins the election of 1844, by using the annexation platform. • Defeated our man the Compromiser Henry Clay.

49. Add Texas and Mad Mexico! • Admitted in 1845 as a slave state. • Mexico breaks off diplomatic relations with U.S.

50. Other Events that led to Mexican War? • Polk wanted border with Mexico at Rio Grande River, and even sends troops to area led by Zachary Taylor – Mexico angered! • John Slidell goes to Mexico to persuade Mexico to sell New Mexico and Calif to U.S. – Mexican citizens angered. • May of 1846 – Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande River and attacked U.S. – Polk’s “ticket” to war. • Congress declares war on May 13th.