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Renal Presentation

Renal Presentation. By: Vicente Becerra, Gabriel Vega, Chris Farran, and Yesenia Chavez. Introduction. Renal System is also known as the Urinary System. Organ system produces, stores, and eliminates urine. Introduction (cont.). Other functions:

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Renal Presentation

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  1. Renal Presentation By: Vicente Becerra, Gabriel Vega, Chris Farran, and Yesenia Chavez

  2. Introduction • Renal System is also known as the Urinary System. • Organ system produces, stores, and eliminates urine

  3. Introduction (cont.) • Other functions: • -Removes waste product from body (urea, uric acid) • -Electrolyte balance regulation. • -Acid based homeostasis regulation. • -Controlling blood volume and maintaining blood pressure.

  4. How The Renal System Works • Urine is produced in kidneys • Urine leaves kidneys flowing down the ureters • Urine is stored in the bladder • When bladder is 1/3 full signals are sent to brain • Brain tells bladder its time to excrete urine • Signals from brain tell certain muscles to relax • Bladder contracts forcing urine out through urethra

  5. Kidneys • Main functions: • -electrolyte regulation • -maintain acid-base balanceregulation of blood pressure • -serves as a natural filter for blood • Located: • -At the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneum • Excretes: • -urea • -ammonia

  6. Kidney Structures • Renal Artery- Provides kidney with blood. • Capsule- Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney. • Papilla- Where renal pyramids empty urine into the minor calyx. • Minor Calyx- Surrounds the apex of the renal pyramids. • Major Calyx- when two or three minor calyces converge they form a major calyx.

  7. Kidney Structures (cont.) • Renal Cortex- The inner area of the kidney between the capsule and the renal medulla • Renal Pyramid- Mass of straight parallel segments of nephrons. • Renal Column- It is a structure between the renal cortex and pyramid that allows the cortex to be anchored better. • Renal Pelvis- A funnel like vessel that is connected to the ureter.

  8. Nephron • The main function of the nephron is to regulate the concentration of water soluble substances by filtering the blood • The nephron reabsorbs what is needed back into the blood and it excretes what is not needed as urine. • A nephron is regulated by the hormones antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone. • In a normal healthy kidney there could be from 800,000 to 1.5 million nephrons.

  9. Nephron (cont.) • Nephrons are made up of two main parts: • renal corpuscle • renal tubule • Two types of nephrons: • Cortical nephrons • Juxtamedullary nephrons • Classified by the length of their associated loop of Henle, and the location of their renal corpuscle

  10. Filtration • Glomerular filtration: glomerular capillaries --> glomerular capsule • Filtrate - water, waste products, salt, glucose, other chemicals • filtrate --> urine • Filters water and other molecules and ions out of the glomerular capillary plasma and into the glomerular capsules

  11. Filtration

  12. Ureters • Function: • -Thick long tubes connecting to the Kidney's and Urinary Bladder • Location: • -Posterior to the parietal • -Parallel to the vertebral column • Function: • -It transports Urine created from the Kidney's • -Transports it to the Urinary Bladder

  13. Ureters Layers Layers: • -Mucous Coat (Inner Layer) • *Several thicknesses of transitional epithelial cells • *Lines the renal tubules and Urinary Bladder • -Muscular Coat (Middle Layer) • *Longitudinal bundles and Smooth muscle fibers • -Fibrous Coat (Outer Layer) • *Composed of Connective tissue

  14. Urinary Bladder • Function: -Temporaily acts as a container to store Urine. • Location: -In the Pelvic Cavity. -Posterior to the Sympathetic Pubis. -Inferior to the Parietal Peritoneum. • Shape: Male: -Bladder is posteriorly against the rectum Female: -It's in contact with the anterior walls of the Vagina and Uterus

  15. Urinary Bladder Layers Layers: • Mucous Coat (Inner Layer) - Seven thicknesses of epithelial cells - 2 to 3 cells thick during distension - 5 to 6 cells thick during contraction • Submucous Coat (Secondary Layer) • - Contains connective tissue and elastic fibers • Muscular Coat (Third Layer)-Detrusor muscle • Serous Coat (Outer Layer) • -Consists of a Parietal Peritoneum (Only on the Bladders upper surface) • -The rest is composed of Fibrous Connective Tissue

  16. Urethra • Function: -Transports Urine out of the body -Carries semen from the testes to the reproductive organ. (Male only) • Layers: -Wall lined with Mucous Membrane -Contains a thick layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers -Contains Mucous Glands in the Urethral Wall (Urethral Glands) - Urethral Gland secretes mucus into the Urethral Canal

  17. Urethra Continued.... Two Different Structure: • Female: -Passed from the bladder and goes below the symphysis pubis - Empties between the labia minora • Male: -Used as a Urinary Canal, passageway of cells and secretions from reproductive organs -Three different sections: -Prostatic Urethra (2.5 centimeters long) Located under the the bladder Reproductive structures ducts join the Urethra -Membranous Urethra (2 centimeters long) Surronded by fibers of the external urethral sphincter muscle -Penile Urethra (15 centimeters long) Passes through the corpus spongiosum of the reproductive organ

  18. How We Create Urine • Urine - urea, water, other waste products • Kidneys • Nephrons • Glomerulus • renal tube • Ureters - tubes leading to bladder • Bladder • Sphincters prevent leakage • Urethra

  19. Urea • Produced when protein is broken down • Carried to bloodstream

  20. Kidneys • Bean-shaped organs • Size of fists • Middle of the back, below ribcage

  21. Nephrons • In kidneys • Tiny filters that separate urea from the blood • Consists of a: • glomerulus : small blood capillaries • renal tubule

  22. Ureter • 8-10 inches long • Muscles tighten and relax to move urine • Small amounts of urine empty into bladder every 10-15 seconds • Transports urine from kidneys to bladder

  23. Bladder • Hollow, muscular, balloon-shaped organ • Sits in pelvis • Attached by ligaments to pelvic bone and organs • Stores Urine • 16 cups for 2-4 hours

  24. Hydrostatic pressure • Pressure out of blood into capillary • Afferent arteriole has wider diameter than the efferent arteriole • Causes some additional pressure • Higher pressure

  25. Osmotic pressure • Pressure into blood, out of capsule • out of capsule

  26. Tubular reabsorption • Proximal convoluted tubule • Almost all organic nutrients reabsorbed • Through renal tubule interstitial fluid from glomerular filtrate into blood • Organic nutrients transported out of tubules into peritubular capillary network • Sodium ions transported back into blood from tubular fluid

  27. Transportation • Active transport - Na+ out of tubule membrane and into the peritubular capillaries • Na+ moves from the interior through the membrane • Passive Transport - another Na+ enters tubule on opposite side due to electrical potential • Cl-, HCO3-, and PO42-

  28. pH in the Body • What is pH - pH is the measure of how acidic or basic/alkalinic a substance is. 1-6 = Acidic 7= Neutral 8-14= Basic/Alkalinic • What Happens When Your blood’s pH isn’t Balanced - Enzymes, proteins and other molecules lose their function or get destroyed.

  29. What is Renal Regulation? • Regulation is the process by which the kidney regulates and filters the pH and amount of salts in the bloodstream. • The Regulation of the pH in the kidney contributes to the regulation of the body’s blood pressure. • Keeping the blood pH level between 7.2- 7.5 causes blood pressure to stay at a healthy constant level.

  30. Where Does Renal Regulation Occur • Occurs in the kidneys • Through the nephrons and glomerulus • controls pH of Blood and Blood Pressure

  31. How Does Renal Regulation Occur • Blood From the renal artery enters the kidney and the nephrons. • From the nephrons the blood enters the Glomerulus where many things such as H2O and salts are reabsobed into the blood stream. • On the other hand things such as urea and dead blood cells, proteins, and salts pass through and flow the flitration center and into the urinary bladder in the form of urine. • Buffers like bicarbonate are also filtered out. • Bicarbonate acts as a buffer by not allowing the blood's pH levels fluxuate drasticly.

  32. What is Urine? • Urine is the liquid waste product of the body. • Passes through your urinary tract and is expelled through the urethra (men). • In an opening below the Clitoris and above the vagina (women).

  33. What is Urine Made of? • Urine is made of 95% water • The other 5 % is made up of waste from the body. • Wastes include Urea , Uric acid, Ammonia, Hormones, dead blood cells, proteins, Salts, minerals, and other toxins.

  34. What Urine Tells Us • Urine tells us if there is a type of problem in the body. • Urine also tels us how hydrated an individual is. The lighter the color of the urine the more hydrated a person is.

  35. What is Renal Clearance • Renal Clearance is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a specific compound per unit time, measured as a test of kidney function

  36. What is Micturition • The process that allows the body to excrete excess water and toxins that may be potentially harmful to the body. • Otherwise known as peeing. • There are 6 Structures that help with the process of micturition.

  37. 1. Kidneys • They filter waste products from blood through nephrons in the form of urine as well as maintain a balance of pH and salts in your body.

  38. 2. Ureter • Ureter- narrow thin tubes that constantly relax and contract. • every 10-15 seconds urine is moved from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through the ureter.

  39. 3. Urinary Bladder • Urinary Bladder- Holds urine made by the kidney until urination. • In a healthy adult the bladder can hold 2 cups of urine for 2-5 hours.

  40. 4. Sphincter muscles • Sphincter muscles- keep urine from leaking out of the bladder by contracting and closing the bladder.

  41. 5. Bladder Nerves • Bladder Nerves – send a message to the brain to tell the individual they have to urinate.

  42. 6. Urethra • Urethra- Urine from the Bladder exits through the urethra, and out of the body.

  43. Works Cited "Urinary System." Augustatech.edu. N.p., 13 May 2013. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.augustatech.edu/anatomy/notes%20for%20194/urinary.htm>. "The Formation of Urine." N.p., 13 May 2013. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.nsbri.org/humanphysspace/focus4/ep-urine.html>. "National Kidney and Urologic DiseasesInformation Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)."Your Urinary System and How It Works Page. N.p., 29 June 2012. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yoururinary/>. Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology. 11th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2004. Print.

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