PASS Review

1. PASS Review

2. Unit 6 Changes in country borders: • Soviet Union-broke apart when the CIS formed; peaceful • Germany-reunited; peaceful • Czechoslovakia-split into Czech Republic and Slovakia; peaceful • Yugoslavia-broke into 6 republics; violent

3. Unit 6 • European Union-purpose was to create a free trade zone in Europe; no trade barriers like taxes • Mohandas Gandhi used civil disobedience (nonviolence) to achieve independence for India from Britain. He did this in 3 ways: • Boycotting British goods • Salt March • fasting

4. Unit 6 • After India won their independence from Great Britain, the country was split into two parts: India and Pakistan • India-Hindus • Pakistan-Muslims

5. Unit 6 • Famous African leaders: • Kwame Nkrumah-from Ghana; used civil disobedience like Gandhi to get independence • Jomo Kenyatta-from Kenya; used guerrilla warfare against the British to win independence • Nelson Mandela-put in prison for protesting apartheid in South Africa • Apartheid-legal segregation of whites and blacks in South Africa

6. Unit 6 • Persian Gulf War-began when Iraq invaded Kuwait; Kuwait had a lot of oil fields • The US entered the Persian Gulf War as a part of Operation Desert Storm. • The US is currently fighting wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. • We are fighting in Afghanistan because Al-Qaeda is based out of this country and this is the terrorist group that carried out the 9/11 attacks. • We are fighting in Iraq because we believed that the Iraqi government was supplying terrorists with weapons and we also believed Iraq may use weapons of mass destruction on us.

7. Unit 6 • Women have gained more rights such as the right to vote and equality in the workplace in most countries, except in the Middle East. • Technology: • Television-main way to get news • Satellite-increased worldwide communication • Computer-used in businesses (assembly lines, make jobs easier) • Internet-connects people and businesses

8. Unit 6 • Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization have caused damage to the environment such as: • Pollution • Global warming • Land development • People have tried to protect the environment by recycling and also promising to use less fossil fuels that cause pollution.

9. Unit 5 • Communism-no social classes, no private property, government controls the economy; SOVIET UNION • Socialism-government controls all production (farms/factories); SOVIET UNION • Democracy-people are allowed to choose their leaders through voting; USA • Capitalism-people are allowed to own their own businesses and earn a profit; USA

10. Unit 5 • Truman Doctrine-gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to fight off communist rebels • Marshall Plan-gave $13 billion to Western Europe for reconstruction after WWII • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-democratic military alliance that formed to protect Western Europe • United Nations (UN)-organization to replace the League of Nations; it’s goal was to promote peace and prevent wars • Warsaw Pact-communist military alliance formed by the Soviet Union that included Eastern European nations

11. Unit 5 • Satellite state-countries that bordered the Soviet Union and were controlled by the Soviet Union; these countries were communist • Containment-US policy to stop the spread of communism by giving money to countries • Domino Theory-the belief that if one nation fell to communism, the rest would fall like dominos

12. Unit 5 • Germany was divided after World War II into occupation zones that were to be controlled by the US, Soviet Union, France, and Great Britain. • US, France, and Great Britain controlled democratic West Germany (and West Berlin) • The Soviet Union controlled communist East Germany (and East Berlin)

13. Unit 5 • Cause of Korean War-North Korea invaded South Korea to unite the country under communism • Result of Korean War-It was a stalemate (nobody won) and it remains divided • Cause of Vietnam War-North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam to unite the country under communism • Result of Vietnam War-US withdrew and the entire nation united under communism

14. Unit 5 • Cuban Missile Crisis: US spy plane saw Soviet missiles being assembled in Cuba and we told them to remove the missiles. It took 2 weeks of negotiating, but the Soviet Union took the missiles out of Cuba • Berlin Wall: built by the Soviet Union to prevent people from leaving East Germany and East Berlin to move to West Berlin

15. Unit 5 • Space race-US and Soviet Union race to get to space first • Arms race-US and Soviet Union race to build up nuclear weapons • Communism became unpopular in Europe because people were very poor…eventually most nations became democratic.

16. Unit 5 • Mikhail Gorbachev (leader of the Soviet Union) had 3 big policies: • Glasnost-openness (more government participation) • Perestroika-economic restructuring (more ownership of businesses) • Democratization-moving the Soviet Union towards a government elected by the people. • Ronald Reagan (US President) had a policy called Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)-its’ purpose was to use ground and space systems to prepare for a nuclear attack

17. Unit 4 • Four causes of World War I: • Militarism-fascination with the military • Alliances-countries formed secret alliances with each other • Imperialism-countries controlled other nations in Europe • Nationalism-countries wanted self-rule, or to have a leader from their own country

18. Unit 4 • WWI began when Franz Ferdinand (future leader of Austria Hungary) was assassinated by a man from Serbia. This brought nations into the war because of their alliances. • Russia withdrew from the war because they had a revolution in their own nation (Bolshevik/Russian Revolution) and Russia became communist after overthrowing the czar.

19. Unit 4 • The US entered WWI because Germany was sinking American merchant ships. They also wanted Mexico to attack the US but this never happened. • The Allies won and countries had to decide what to do with the losing nations. • Fourteen Points-US President Woodrow Wilson’s plan to create a lasting peace

20. Unit 4 • The Treaty of Versailles was set up to punish Germany (US didn’t want this). • The League of Nations was created as an organization to create a lasting peace, but it failed to prevent WWII. • New countries were created in Europe because many ethnic groups had been ruled by larger empires.

21. Unit 4 • After WWI, the Great Depression began. • In Europe, the depression was caused by nations being poor after WWI. • In the US, the depression was caused by the crash of the US Stock Market. • Effects of the Depression: • US-elected FDR as president and he created jobs • Great Britain-passed laws to force the British people to only buy goods from Britain • Germany-allowed Adolf Hitler to become the leader

22. Unit 4 • Fascism-type of government that puts the government above everything else • Countries that had totalitarian leaders (dictators): • Italy-Benito Mussolini • Soviet Union-Joseph Stalin • Japan-Hideki Tojo • Germany-Adolf Hitler

23. Unit 4 • The Great Depression led to the rise of dictators because countries were so desperate for strong leaders and these leaders promised to help them. • Three causes of WWII: • Treaty of Versailles • Great Depression • Military Aggression (Italy, Germany, and Japan taking over countries)

24. Unit 4 • Appeasement-plan by Great Britain and France to give Hitler the Sudetenland if he promised not to take over any more land…obviously, this didn’t work. • Isolationism-the US isolated themselves from all of these problems in Europe to stay out of the war

25. Unit 4 • Battle of Britain-Germany invaded Britain and Britain refused to surrender. Germany repeatedly bombed Britain but had to go back to Germany. • D-Day-Allied invasion of Nazi-controlled France to free France from Germany • Stalingrad-Battle between the Soviet Union and Germany; one of the bloodiest battles of the war but the Soviet Union won • Pearl Harbor-Japanese attack on US naval base; this caused the US to enter the war

26. Unit 4 • European Theater-included the fighting in Europe and North Africa against the Germans and Italians • Pacific Theater-included battles on islands against Japan • Island-hopping-US plan to fight island by island to get closer to Japan

27. Unit 4 • The war ended first in Europe. To get the war to end in the Pacific without invading Japan, the US chose to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered.

28. Unit 4 • During World War II, Germany was also trying to wipe out the entire Jewish population. • The Final Solution was Hitler’s plan to eliminate the Jews. • The Nuremberg Laws were passed against Jews that took away their German citizenship and other privileges. • The Nuremberg Trials were carried out against Nazi leaders to punish them for the Holocaust.

29. Unit 4 • Universal Declaration of Human Rights-passed after the Holocaust to tell the world how all humans should be treated • Israel was created as a homeland for the Jews after the Holocaust. • This has created many problems because the Palestinians (Muslims) lived where Israel was created. • Nations have continuously fought over Israel because Muslim nations in the Middle East are angry because Israel was set up in territory that was already occupied.

30. Unit 3 • 2 main causes of the French Revolution: • Unfair social classes • King Louis XVI spending too much money • Reign of Terror-A time when the National Convention executed around 20,000 people who were against the French Revolution (including the king and queen) • Bastille-a hated prison; when the Bastille was “stormed” by the Third Estate and torn down, this was the beginning of the French Revolution

31. Unit 3 • Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power by taking over in a coup d’etat. He was a military leader and became the emperor of France before being exiled. He controlled almost all of Europe. • Congress of Vienna-a meeting held after Napoleon was out of power to restore a “balance of power” in Europe and give former kings and queens back power that they lost when Napoleon took over

32. Unit 3 • Unification of Germany: Germany used to be divided into many different states. It unified after three wars (Otto von Bismarck) • Unification of Italy: Italy was also divided into many different states. The north united first, then the south (Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi)

33. Unit 3 • Haiti revolted against France and won their independence (Toussaint L’Ouverture) • Mexico revolted against Spain. They were unsuccessful at first but eventually won their independence (Miguel Hidalgo) • South American nations revolted against Spain and won thanks to Simon Bolivar.

34. Unit 3 • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain (England) and was successful there because Britain had many rivers and natural resources. • The Industrial Revolution contributed (led) to imperialism because nations needed to take over other countries in order to get raw materials for their factories and markets to sell goods to.

35. Unit 3 • Open Door Policy-between the US and China that said China was open to trading with all countries • Berlin Conference-European nations divided up Africa

36. Unit 3 • Zulu War-started because Britain took over the Zululand in South Africa; Britain won • Sepoy Rebellion-started when the Sepoys (Indian soldiers) got angry because Britain controlled India (and possibly greased gun cartridges with cow/pig fat); Britain put down the rebellion • Opium Wars-started when Britain invaded China to continue trading Opium; Britain won • Boxer Rebellion-started in China because the Boxers were angry with foreigners in China; 6 countries put down the rebellion

37. Unit 3 • Meiji-rulers in Japan that industrialized the nation to avoid threats • Cause of Spanish-American War: US wanted to help Cuba win independence and it was believed that Spain blew up the USS Maine. • Result of Spanish-American War: US won and gained several Spanish territories

38. Unit 2 • Limited government-government has limited powers and cannot do whatever they want • Unlimited government-government that has all of the power and can do whatever they want • People used reason to help explain things and to understand things better.

39. Unit 2 • The Catholic Church became angry over the Scientific Revolution because the scientists were teaching that the sun was the center of the universe, and that went against church teachings. • Galileo was important because he proved that the sun was the center of the universe and he was put on trial for this by the Catholic Church.

40. Unit 2 • Isaac Newton was important because he discovered gravity. • John Locke-social contract; if the government doesn’t obey the social contract then the people can overthrow the government • Jean-Jacques Rousseau-said the government should do what the general will wants • Baron de Montesquieu-said a separation of powers is the best way to run a government • Voltaire-believed there should be a separation between church and state

41. Unit 2 • Cause of English Civil War: Charles I refused to obey Parliament. • Result of English Civil War: Parliament’s army one and Charles I was executed. • The Glorious Revolution was when William and Mary came to the throne and England received a limited government.

42. Unit 1 • Europeans started exploring because they wanted to find an all-water route to Asia. • The main continents explored where Asia and the Americas.

43. Unit 1 • Technologies that helped with exploration: • Gunpowder-used to conquer other nations and fight natives • Caravel-a new type of ship with a rudder for steering • Astrolabe-told sailors their direction using the position of the stars • Compass-had a magnetized needle that pointed north

44. Unit 1 • Mercantilism-The idea that a nation becomes powerful by building up a large supply of gold and silver—It helped a nation get wealthy because the government made all of the profit. • Capitalism is a type of economy where people can own their own businesses. It is different from mercantilism because the people make the profit.

45. Unit 1 • A market economy is a system in which individual buyers and sellers interact in the marketplace to exchange goods and services. • Important facts about how Europeans colonized or influenced each continent: • Asia-spread Christianity; hard to conquer because they had advanced civilizations; Asian nations isolated themselves • Africa-used for slavery; nations lost a lot of their best people; African population decreased • Americas-newly discovered world; Natives were here first; used slavery for labor; built colonies to gain wealth for European nations