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zzv@tlabs.ac.za

Nuclear Research in South Africa and on the African Continent Zeblon Z. VILAKAZI, iThemba LABS & Necsa. zzv@tlabs.ac.za. ** Research Reactors in Africa. Country Name Type Thermal Power(kW) Flux (s-1 cm-2 ) Algeria Nur Pool 1000 5.0×1013

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zzv@tlabs.ac.za

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  1. Nuclear Research in South Africa and on the African ContinentZeblon Z. VILAKAZI, iThemba LABS & Necsa zzv@tlabs.ac.za

  2. ** Research Reactors in Africa Country Name Type Thermal Power(kW) Flux (s-1 cm-2) Algeria Nur Pool 1000 5.0×1013 Algeria Es-Salam Heavy water 15 000 2.1×1014 D Rep. Congo *TRICO II TRIGA Mark II 1000 3 1.0×1013 Egypt ETRR-1 Tank WWR 2000 3.6×1013 Egypt ETRR-2 Pool 22 000 2.8×1014 Ghana GHARR-1 MNSR 30 1.2×1012 Libya IRT-1 Pool, IRT 10 000 2.0×1014 Morocco MA-R1 TRIGA Mark II 2000 4.4×1013 Nigeria NIRR-1 MNSR 30 1.2×1012 South Africa SAFARI -1 Tank in pool 20 000 2.8×1014 * At present on extended shutdown status. They are a vital component of the evolving role nuclear science and technology plays in society. These reactors have significantly contributed to the scientific progress made in a wealth of fields, appealing to a broad portion of the scientific community and the public. **Source: IAEA.

  3. Accelerator Facilities in Africa Comena, Algiers Centre national pour la RechercheNucleiare: CRNA 3.75MV-VDG Inshas Cyclotron Facility (ICF), Cairo; Russian type MGC-20 AVF cyclotron (20 MeV). Centre for Energy Research development (CERD); Ife, Nigeria

  4. Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) End-Station for the 1.7 MeV Tandem Accelerator Centre for Energy Research Development (CERD) ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Sample Changer ERDA-PIPS Si(Li) RBS-PIPS Insulation Ge(Li) Pumping Station SA Collaboration with Nigeria Centre for Energy Research & Development Pelletron Tandem Accelerator Other Names: CERD 1.7 Pelletron Location: CERD-Ife Ife (Osun State) Subordinate to: Nigerian National Nuclear Commission Size: 1.7MV Status: Operational + work carried out End station commissioned by the iThemba LABS team.

  5. Teaching programmes The lecturers – around 32 spread across the entire three-and-half-week period of the school – are experts from the US, South Africa, Ghana, France, Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, the UK and CERN

  6. Early Physics in SA • The first Universities were established in the late 1800’s. • The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research established in 1945 • The Atomic Energy Board was established in 1950 – Nuclear weapons programme. • The South African Institute of Physics was established in 1955. ASP2012 - Forum Day

  7. Nuclear Physics Research @iTL Low level Gamma counting facility Target lab Facilities Afrodite Gamma Array K600 Magnetic Spectrometer Fast neutron facility Scientific themes • Basic nuclear physics (reactions mechanisms/nuclear structure) • Chirality, Tetrahedral shapes, Giant Resonances , Clustering , neutron rich nuclei) • Applied nuclear physics (environmental radioactivity, neutron physics) • Neutron Dosimetry and Calibration, Neutrino Detection) • High energy physics (ALICE at CERN) Program Advisory Committee approves projects User Group meetings 2x per year

  8. Proton Therapy Centres In Operation 40 Under Construction 20

  9. Recent history “Shaping the Future of Physics” – review by Sir A Wolfendale & SJ Gates (2004) et al. Dawn of a new era Large Scale Facilities HEP and Astro Africa The Transformation and Re-shaping of Physics in SA

  10. Shaping the Future of Physics ISI Web of Science SA AND Physics Shaping the Future of Physics The country became isolated politically and economically during the apartheid period, and much of the government initiated research had a military bias.

  11. Human Resource Shortfall

  12. Shaping the Future of Physics • Born from pessimism in the community – up to 2004 • DST-NRF-SAIP Project • Upward trajectory after this process • 14 Recommendations …. most implemented ASP2012 - Forum Day

  13. The new SAIP • The SAIP Office • Tackle projects as contracts • EO • Secretariat – Lynette White • Outreach – vacant • Projects • Physics Graduate Database • Physics 500 Database • Physics Comment Magazine • Conferences • SAIP, S@S, ICWIP2010, Entrepreneurship ….. • FET project, Physics Curriculum Project • Member Benefits • Discipline Benefits • Introduce New Constitution - 2011 • Democratise, transparency, modernise, scalable • Science budget quadrupled over this period • Tax status (Income Tax and VAT Registration – turn over > R1M) ASP2012 - Forum Day

  14. ASP2012 - Forum Day

  15. Scientifc Computing in South Africa

  16. Shaping the Future of Physics ISI Web of Science SA AND Physics Shaping the Future of Physics ASP2012 - Forum Day

  17. South African Science at external Large Scale International Facilities Inbound Outbound Astronomy : SALT, MeerKAT, …. Nuclear : iThemba, … Other : …… HEP/Nuclear : CERN, JINR Interdisciplinary : Synchrotrons Astronomy : HESS, CTA, LIGO

  18. Host Institution: iThemba LABS (iTL) High Energy Physics  SA-CERN Program Advisory Committee Executive Committee Chairman J Cleymans (UCT) DST SAIP NRF International Reviewer/s HOST MEMBERS ZZ Vilakazi (Director) V Spannenbergy (Business Manager) ALICE Group Leader S Förtsch Deputy Leader RW Fearick (UCT) ATLAS Group Leaders SH Connell (UJ) & T Vickey (wits) ISOLDE Group Leader K Bharuth-Ram (UKZN) Nuclear and Particle Theory Group Leader S Karataglidis (Rhodes/UJ) ASP2012 - Forum Day

  19. ASP2012 - Forum Day

  20. UCT group 2004 Tromsø Bergen Dubna Heidelberg Cape Town Participation of SA in ALICE • Cape Town in ALICE: currently 6 senior staff + several students • UCT joined 2001, became UCT-CERN research center in 2003 • iThemba LABS joined in2008 • Projects • Dimuon Arm: algorithms for online High Level Trigger (dHLT, commissioned in 2008) • Grid Computing: Computing Cluster integrated into ALICE GRID • Physics: Dimuon studies (acceptance, efficiency); W production in pp; .. • HLT data challenge: Nov. 2004 • Online test on ‘Grid’ ! • Test latency tolerance • Run stable for > 15 hours • Rate limited by bandwidth • IEEE Trans.Nucl.Sci.55:703,2008.

  21. The Future : A New Cyclotron at iThemba LABS • Isotope Production off SSC (uses 66 MeV p beam) • Free Central cyclotron for use by Physics and proton therapy only • Later Proton Therapy to get 230 MeV machine? • More than doubles physics beam time • Two accelerators allow the production of radioactive beams using the ISOL method

  22. HOW? - Isotope Separation Online (ISOL) 1+ ion – source & mass selector RIB Production target New Accelerator Charge Breeder Experiment injector SSC

  23. RIB production Performance Location for future injector Low-energy beamlines Charge breeder Mass analyser Beam cooler RIB production stations Robot Target / ion- source maintenance Target storage

  24. International Comparison ISOL Facilities

  25. iThemba Timeline – Phased Approach Phase I Preliminaries Phase II

  26. Current Status • Task team established • Development of Technical Design Report • Opportunities will avail themselves through SA-JINR joint collaboration etc • Establish International Advisory Committee • MoU with INFN-Legnaro: Exchange progammes established • “Internal” Approval from the NRF – following a very successful workshop in 2011 attended by S Gales (GANIL)

  27. RIB has been declared a long-range flagship project for iThemba LABS that will keep SA in the forefront of fundamental physics research – will contribute towards growing the next generation of highly qualified technical experts and scientists who will contribute towards creation of a knowledge economy and a (much needed) growth in the Science base of RSA and the continent.

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