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Abnormalities in Erythrocytes

Abnormalities in Erythrocytes. Laboratory Procedures. Red Blood Cells: aka ___________. ______________is the process of maturation of a RBC Formed by the stem cell through action of the _________________________called ___________(EPO) Maturation of a RBC takes about 5 days.

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Abnormalities in Erythrocytes

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  1. Abnormalities in Erythrocytes Laboratory Procedures

  2. Red Blood Cells:aka ___________ • ______________is the process of maturation of a RBC • Formed by the stem cell through action of the _________________________called ___________(EPO) • Maturation of a RBC takes about 5 days.

  3. Erythrocyte Life Span Stem Cell → _________________→ Prorubricyte → ___________________→ Metarubricyte→ ________________________→ RBC Metarubricyte- nucleated RBC released in severe anemia.

  4. Erythrocyte Life Spans • Dog ~________ days • Cat ~_______ days • Cow ~ 160 days • Horse ~ 145 days • Man ~ 120 days • Mouse ~ 30 days

  5. RBC’s continued • No _______________ • ____________ varies among species

  6. Canine Erythrocytes

  7. Feline Erythrocytes

  8. Classification of RBC’s • RBC’s are classified the following criteria: • 1) Cell _________________ on blood film • 2) __________ • 3) __________ • 4) __________ • 5) Presence of ___________ on erythrocytes (We will come back to this one!)

  9. Classification of RBC’s1) Cell Arrangement on Blood Film • Normal erythrocytes should lie in a nice, even, __________ layer on the _____________-most edge of a blood film

  10. Rouleaux Formation • Defined:________________________________________________. • It can be a sign of increased fibrinogen or globulin concentration • Can be an _______seen in blood that is held too long before preparation of blood slide or if refrigerated. • If a drop of _______ is added to blood, rouleaux will disperse

  11. Rouleaux formation

  12. AgglutinationOr Auto-agglutination • May appear as rouleaux (stacks) or in clusters • Occurs in ______________disorders • An ______________ coats the cell causing bridging or clumping. • If a drop of _____________ is added to blood, agglutination will not disperse

  13. Agglutination

  14. Classification of Blood Cells • 2) Color of Erythrocyte • Erythrocytes that are normally colored are called _______________________________ • Polychromasia: ______________________________ • Polychromasia can appear as ______chromasia or _____chromasia.

  15. Polychromasia • Can exist as ________________________ or ________________________. • Polychromatic erythrocytes exhibit a ____________ tint. This is caused by a small amount of ______________ retained in the cytoplasm. These may appear as a ________________________________________. (We will talk about these later in this presentation.)

  16. Hypochromasia • Is a __________________ in color, due to a decreased staining intensity caused by insufficient ________________________ within the cell. • Most commonly caused by __________________________________

  17. Polychromasia

  18. Hypochromasia

  19. Hyperchromasia • Refers to a cell that appears _____________ than normal cells. This gives the appearance that the cell is over-saturated with _______________________. • TRUE hyperchromasia cannot exist! • Each erythrocyte has a ____________________________________________ for hemoglobin and over-saturation cannot occur • If cells appear hyperchromic, there is another underlying concern.

  20. Hyperchromasia

  21. MCHC • Stands for: ______________________________________________ • Describes cells as normochromic or hypochromic (why no hyperchromic?) • Normal MCHC is 31-36% • (You will learn this calculation in Clin. Path)

  22. Classification of RBC: 3) Size of Erythrocyte • Erythrocytes that are of normal, consistent size are called ___________________________________ • Anisocytosis: _______________________________ • ___________________ cells are smaller than normal cells • ___________________ cells are larger than normal cells

  23. Anisocytosis • Variations in ___________________ • Can indicate ___________________ • Classified by ____________________ OR _____________________

  24. Anisocytosis

  25. Macrocytosis • Simply means that there are an abnormal amount of cells _____________________ than normal size. • Can indicate __________________ disease or _____________________ deficiency.

  26. Macrocytosis (left) vs- Normocytes

  27. Microcytosis • Indicates that there is an abnormal amount of cells that are ___________________ than normal. • Can indicate _______________ deficiency.

  28. MCV • Stands for ____________________________________________ • Describes cells as being ____________________, ___________________, or _____________________. • Measures the average volume of RBC’s. • Normal values are 66-77 fL (femtolitres)

  29. Classification of RBC’s4) Shape of Erythrocyte • Poikilocytosis: ______________________________ • This is an “________________________” term that cannot suggest a ______________________

  30. Poikilocytosis • Is a major deviation in the normal ____________ of the erythrocyte. • Remember that this term is an umbrella term for abnormally ________________ erythrocytes, and should not be used as a _______________.

  31. Many Poikilocytes • All of the following cells are under the “umbrella” of Poikilocytes. They just have different names! • (Remember rule #2) 

  32. Schistocytes (Fragmented Cells) RBC’s with abnormal shape. Formed as a result of shearing of the cell by _______strands. This occurs when red blood cells rapidly pass through microvasculature that is lined or meshed with strands. They are observed in fragmentation hemolysis caused by _______________, ________________, ______________, and possibly ________________________anemia.

  33. Schistocytes

  34. Acanthocytes (Spur Cells) • The term acanthocyte is derived from the Greek word “acanthi” meaning “thorn” Acanthocytes are cells with five to ten irregular, blunt, finger-like projections. • The projections with vary in ______, __________ ,and surface ____________________. • These cells are seen in animals with altered ________________metabolism such as cats with _______________________________ or dogs with ______________ disease.

  35. AcanthocytesContinued

  36. Echinocytes(Burr Cell) • Echinocytes have multiple, small, delicate regular shaped spines _______________________________ around the cell and are indistinguishable from artificially ___________________cells.

  37. EchinocytesContinued • Echinocyte formation can be ___________________, often seen with slow drying blood films or if the EDTA tube was ______________. This artifact is then termed ____________________. • Echinocytes have been associated with _______________disease, lymphosarcoma and rattlesnake bites in dogs. • They can been seen after exercise in ________________.

  38. Crenation Identified as the presence of many __________ membrane projections involving most RBC’s. It is usually an ___________due to slow drying of the blood film. Commonly observed in ___________blood but can be seen in any species.

  39. Drepanocytes (Sickle cell) • These cells are _________________ shaped with pointed ends. • Drepanocytes are often seen in normal blood of __________and ________________. • It is thought to be a result of low _______________tension.

  40. Drepanocytes

  41. Pre-keratocytes • Cells with ____________________are called _______________cells or pre-keratocytes.

  42. Keratocyte (Helmet Cells) • Also called ___________cells. Keratocytes are associated with trauma especially cellular damage from contact with ________________strands.

  43. Spherocytes Cells have a spheroid shape instead of the usual biconcave disk shape. Have ______________cell membrane and are ___________________________. Seen most frequently in_______________ _________________________________(AIHA). Usually seen in _______.

  44. Dacryocytes (tear drop cells) • These tear drop shaped cells are seen in _____________________________diseases. • These cells, when produced as an ______________can be identified by the direction of their tail.

  45. Dacryocytes produced as an artifact have their tails pointing in ___________________________________________.

  46. Codocytes (aka Leptocytes) • Is an “___________ term” describing cells that are characterized by an increase in membrane ___________________________. • Include the following: • ________________________________ • ________________________________

  47. Folded Cells and Stomatocytes • The appearance of Folded cells with their _____________________________central pallor has been compared to a fish mouth and a coin slot. • Stomatocytes resemble a ____________________ • Both are associated with a hereditary condition but are also seen in ____________disease, acute alcoholism (humans), and ________________imbalances.

  48. Folded Cells Stomatocytes

  49. Target Cells Observed mainly in _______________. Represent cells with an ____________________ membrane-to-volume ratio not specific to any disease. The ________________________________is thin and flimsy.

  50. Target Cells (Bull’s Eye Cells) • Thin, bell-shaped cells • Centrally stained area • Can indicate ____________disease or hemoglobinopathies. • May be seen as ________________when smears made in high ______________ or if ______________ dry.

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