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World Religions

Explore the spread of Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Baha'i, Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Shinto, Confucianism, Taoism, and Tribal traditions.

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World Religions

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  1. World Religions

  2. Categories

  3. Universalizing • Religions that • claim applicability to all humans and • that seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work and conversions • And who choose to make some sort of symbolic commitment (Fellman, 157)

  4. Christianity • Jesus • Spread through the Roman Empire • Roads • Military • Expansion Diffusion • Hierarchical Diffusion: Rome • Contagious Diffusion

  5. Christian Diffusion

  6. Christian Branches • Roman Catholic • Eastern Orthodox – relocation diffusion • Russian, Armenian, Greek • Coptic • Protestant • Denominations: Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterians, Episcopal • etc.

  7. Islam • 570 – 632 Muhammad • 622 - Hegira from Makkah to Madinah • Expansion Diffusion • Hierarchical along trade routes • Relocation Diffusion – 39 countries • World’s fastest growing religion

  8. Branches of Islam • Sunni • The majority • Supported caliphs that were not related to Muhammad • Shi’ite or Shi’a • Concentrated in Iran • Caliphs should be related to Muhammad • Believe the imams are without sin & are infallible • Sufis • Primarily in Indonesia • More mystic, less conservative

  9. Islamic Diffusion

  10. Buddhism • Founded by Siddhartha Guatama – a Hindu priest – 6th cen. BC • Four Noble Truths • Contagious Diffusion • Was once state religion of India – few followers now • The concept Buddha was absorbed into Hinduism

  11. Buddhism • Theravada (Vehicle of the Elders) • Personal salvation • Closer to original • Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) • “In the process of the proselytic spread, particularly in China and Japan, Buddhism fused with native ethnic religions such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism to form syncretic faiths that fall in the Mahayana division of Buddhism” Human Mosaic 78. • Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle) • Dalai Lama • Also called Tantrayana or Lamaism • Tibet & Mongolia

  12. Main 3 Schools of Buddhism www.euronet.nl/~advaya/index.htm

  13. Zoroastrianism • followers of the prophet Zarathushtra (known to the Greeks as Zoroaster) • Ahura Mazda – source of good, creator; Ahriman – the destructive principle • the dominant world religion during the Persian empires (559 BC to 651 AC) • founded by Zarathushtra, probably somewhere around 1200 BC • Followers - around 140,000, largest populations are in India and Iran

  14. Baha’i • Founded in Persia (Iran) in 1844 • To overcome the disunity of religions and establish a universal faith • 8 mil. Primarily in Africa & Asia • God is unknowable – except through manifestations of prophets such as: Abraham, Moses, Zoroaster, Jesus, Mohammed, the Buddha, Krishna, * Bahá'u'lláh

  15. Sikhism • 1500’s – attempt to unify Hindu & Islam • NW India region of Punjab • Never cut beard or hair, wear turbans • Militant • "A Sikh is any woman or man whose faith consists of belief in one God, the ten Gurus, the teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib and of the ten Gurus, who has faith in the amrit of the tenth Guru, and who adheres to no other religion." --Rahit Maryada (Religion Facts)

  16. Sikhism Sikh at the Golden Temple of Amritsar, Punjab. http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/

  17. Ethnic • Religions that have • strong territorial and • cultural group identification, • usually one become a member by birth or • by adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity, • not merely by a statement of faith (Fellman, 157)

  18. Hinduism • World’s oldest religion – 4000+ yrs old • Effected social, economic, artistic, philosophical elements in society • Understanding Hindu Traditions

  19. Hinduism • 850 mil. – 1 bil. Followers • Contagious Diffusion – India • Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka • Relocation Diffusion • Eastern Europe, N. America

  20. Judaism • Original Abrahamic religion • 4000 yrs. Old • Has territorial & political identity • Power of Place: Jerusalem

  21. Judaism • Branches • Sephardim • Iberian Pen. – expelled 15th cen. • Ties to N. Africa & Babylonian Jews • Ashkenazim • Western & Central Europe • Most came to US

  22. Shinto • “The Way of the Gods” • Traditional religion of Japan • Worship of nature & ancestors • Complex set of deities – inc. Emperor

  23. CONFUCIANISM • K’ung Fu-tzu • Compiler of traditional wisdom • Lived in time of Gautama Buddha • No Churches or Clergy • Ancestor Worship

  24. TAOISM (Daoism) • First taught by Lao-tsu in 6th c. B.C. • Tao – “The Way” • Eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature • Deploring Passion, unnecessary invention, unneeded knowledge, and govt. interference

  25. Tribal or Traditional • Special form of ethnic religion • Localized culture groups • Close ties to nature

  26. Tribal or Traditional • Animism – belief that life exists in all objects (rocks, trees, etc.) or that such inanimate objects are the abode of the dead, of spirits, and of gods

  27. Tribal or Traditional • Shamanism – involves community acceptance of a religious leader, healer, or worker of magic, who, through special powers, can intercede w/ and interpret the spirit world

  28. Syncretic • Combine elements of different belief systems • Umbanda • Practiced in Brazil • Blends Catholicism w/a reverence for souls of Indians, wise men, and historical figures • Caribbean & L. America often combine European, African, and indigenous beliefs

  29. Elements of Blended Christianity • Early Christianity during the Roman Empire • The Latin paganus – root word of ??? And pagan b/c the rural people continued to worship the local agricultural religion • Viliani – root of ??? Derived into villian • Combined elements of pagan worship with Christian holidays – like their fertility ritual

  30. orthodox • Purity of faith • Christian, Jews, Hindu and Islam

  31. 1. All evangelical religions are also • local religions b. universal religions • ethnic religions • polytheistic religions 2. The religious practices of some Native American groups combine elements both from their traditional religion and from Christianity. This is an example of • a cultural confluence b. A counter culture • a diametric culture d. a cultural syncretism

  32. Cultural Regions

  33. 3. The youngest major religion is • Hinduism b. Judaism c. Islam d. Christianity 4. Sikhism is a religion that centers on the teachings of Guru Nanak, but combines beliefs from • Christianity and Buddhism b. Christianity and Islam • Hinduism and Buddhism d. Islam and Hinduism 5. Modern-day Sh’ia Islam dominates a region centered on • Pakistan b. Armenia c. Indonesia d. Iran

  34. By rows, explain the spatial distribution of the denominations. Branches of Christianity

  35. Relocation Diffusion

  36. Relocation Diffusion

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