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Genetics

Genetics. General Biology Ms. Lichtenwald Genetics . Goals. By the end of this lesson, you should meet the following Michigan Merit Curriculum course requirements for Genetics and Inherited Traits:.

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Genetics

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  1. Genetics General Biology Ms. Lichtenwald Genetics

  2. Goals By the end of this lesson, you should meet the following Michigan Merit Curriculum course requirements for Genetics and Inherited Traits: B4.1A Draw and label a homologous chromosome pair with heterozygous alleles highlighting a particular gene location. B4.1B Explain that the information passed from parents to offspring is transmitted by means of genes that are coded in DNA molecules. B4.1C Differentiate between dominant, recessive, codominant, polygenic, and sex-linked traits. B4.1E Determine the genotype and phenotype of monohybrid crosses using a Punnett Square.

  3. Definitions Chromosome: A chromosome is an organized package of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell. Gene: The gene is the basic physical unit of inheritance, is passed from parents to offspring and contains the information needed to specify traits. Genes are arranged, one after another, on structures called chromosomes. Allele: An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. Dominant: If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant gene. Recessive: If the alleles are different, the dominant allele will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked. Genotype: The two alleles inherited for a particular gene. The expression of the genotype contributes to the individual's observable traits, called the phenotype. Phenotype: A phenotype is an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type. Homozygous: Homozygous is a genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents. Heterozygous: A phenotype is an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type. Trait: A trait is a specific characteristic of an organism.

  4. Dominance • A dominant trait is represented by a capital letter while a recessive trait is represented by the lowercase of the same letter as the dominant. • Each parent passes on one allele of each trait to their offspring. • The two alleles inherited is the genotype of a specific trait.

  5. Example In a pea plant, the dominant allele for height may be represented by a capital T, for tall. Click on the letter that represents the recessive allele for short height? S s T t

  6. Genotypes Heterozygous: Homozygous: Click on each letter to see the difference between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. B B B b b b

  7. Phenotypes • The phenotype is the physical trait coded by the alleles in the genotype. Example Spherical pea plant seeds are dominant over dented. Click on the alleles that make up the genotype for a homozygous dominant pea plant for this trait. SS Ss ss

  8. The Monohybrid Cross • A Punnett square crosses the genotype of a specific trait from each parent to show what the offspring might inherit from the parents. • The cross below shows a mother with curly hair and a father with straight hair. Curly hair is the dominant trait. Cc cc C c X Genotypic ratio: 2-Cc, 2-cc 1:1 Phenotypic ratio: 2-dominant, 2-recessive 1curly:1straight = 1:1 c Cc cc c Cc cc

  9. The Monohybrid Cross Click here to watch a detailed video to see how a Punnett square is filled.

  10. The Monohybrid Cross A heterozygous female was crossed with a heterozygous male for the trait for ear lobe attachment. Attached ear lobes is the recessive trait. X Cc Cc Click on the correct phenotypic ratio of attached to freeear lobes for this monohybrid cross. 0:4 = 0 attached to 4 free Set up the cross to determine the phenotypic ratio. 1:3 = 1 attached to 3 free 2:2 (or 1:1) = 2 attached to 2 free 3:1 = 3 attached to 1 free 4:0 = 4 attached to 0 free

  11. Punnett Square Practice Click here to be directed to a website do practice a few more monohybrid crosses. When you are done with the monohybrid cross practice problems, return here to view terms for the next lesson.

  12. Terms for next time! Codominance:Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. In codominance, neither allele is recessive and the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed. Polygenic: A polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene. Sex-linked traits: Sex linked is a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the term generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the X chromosome.

  13. Try Again!

  14. Correct!

  15. Works Cited Content: Carter, J.S. (1996). Genetics Practice Problems. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/Bio105/geneprob.htm National Institutes of Health. National Human Genome Research Institute. “Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms.” Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www.genome.gov/glossary/ State of Michigan. Michigan Merit Curriculum Course/Credit Requirements. 2009. Print. 38. Zerobio (Video). (2006). Genetics: monohybrid cross [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.zerobio.com/videos/monohybrid.html Images: "Buttons." Flaming Text. Web. 4 Nov 2009. <http://www2.flamingtext.com/>. Farabee, M.J. (Artist). (2001). Introduction to genetics [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/OnLineBiology/OLBB/www.emc.marico pa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html Return to the beginning

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