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Introduction

Fundamentals of Computer: For undergraduate courses in commerce and management Author: ITL Education Solutions Limited ISBN:9788131733349 Available through:

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Introduction

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  1. Fundamentals of Computer: For undergraduate courses in commerce and managementAuthor: ITL Education Solutions LimitedISBN:9788131733349 Available through: Parama Publishers & Distributors Ltd.Momtaz Plaza (3rd Floor) House 7 Road 4 Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 BangladeshT +88 02 9611971-5 9661141 9662282

  2. Introduction

  3. Introduction • A computer is • an electronic machine • devised for performing calculations and controlling operations that can be expressed either in logical or numerical terms. • Development of civilization • Fingers and pebbles for computing • computing needs also grew • Harnessing the power of computers

  4. Characteristics Of Computers • Speed • Millions of instructions per second. 1 MHz (Megahertz) is one million instructions per second. • Accuracy • Capable of doing only what it is instructed to do • faulty instructions~ GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) • Diligence • No tiredness and/or lack of concentration • Reliability • Some predetermined standard for operation without any failure • Hardware level- built-in diagnostic capabilities

  5. Characteristics Of Computers … • Storage Capability • Store large amounts of data • Recall almost instantaneously • The main memory~ relatively small • The secondary storage devices • such as magnetic tape or disks. • brought into the main memory for processing • Versatility • Perform multiple tasks simultaneously • Play music and print a document and ...

  6. Characteristics Of Computers … • Resource Sharing • Not isolated machines! • Computers today have the capability to connect with each other • Apart from device sharing, data and information can also be shared among groups of computers, thus creating a large information and knowledge base.

  7. Development Of Computers • Chronology • Fingers • Pebbles • Sand Tables • Abacus • Napier Bones • Slide Rule • Pascaline • Stepped Reckoner • Punch Card System • Difference Engine • Analytical Engine • Hollerith's Tabulator • Other related dev. • vacuum tube • differential analyzer Growth in commerce and other human activities

  8. Some Early Computers • MARK-I Computer 1937+ • IBM Sponsored • ABC Computer 1939 • Binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, logic • Colossus 1944 • 1800 vacuum tubes, programmable • ENIAC 1946 • 18000 vacuum tubes, 160 KW, 30 tons • EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC • Different technology

  9. Generations Of Computers • First Generation (1940–56): Vacuum Tubes • Memory- magnetic drums (data, programs) • Input- punched cards and paper tape • Output was displayed in the form of printouts • Large size, expensive to operate, unreliable, lack of standard in programming • ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC. • Second Generation (1956–63): Transistors • More portable. Still required air conditioning • Much smaller than vacuum tubes • Assembly language- used mnemonics • Computational time of these computers was reduced to microseconds from milliseconds

  10. Generations Of Computers … • Third Generation (1964–early 1970s): IC • Integrated circuit (IC) technology • Faster- microseconds to nanoseconds • More portable and reliable • Cheaper- less power and generated less heat, maintenance cost was quite low • Commercial production- easier and cheaper • Fourth Generation (Early 1970+): Microprocessors • Size? AC Required? Portability? Reliability? • Cost?- production? maintenance? • Interconnection of computers- resource sharing • Internet

  11. Generations Of Computers … • Fifth Generation (Present And Beyond): Artificial Intelligence • Mega Chips- Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) • Millions of electronic components on a single chip • approximate the memory capacity of the human mind • Parallel Processing • multiple central processing units • Artificial Intelligence (AI) • simulate and reproduce human behavior • including thinking, speaking and reasoning • AI comprises a group of related technologies • expert systems (ES), natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition, vision recognition, and robotics.

  12. Classification Of Computers

  13. Classification Of Computers- Purpose • General-purpose Computers • Perform a range of tasks, Store numerous programs • Generally lack speed and efficiency • Used in your schools and homes • Specific-purpose Computers • Designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a single specific task • Instructions (specific task) built into the machine • Circuits are redesigned for another type of task • Lacks versatility • Fast and efficient • Airline reservations, satellite tracking, air traffic control.

  14. Data handling- Analog Computers • Works on the principle of measuring • measurements obtained are translated into desired data • Electrical parameters, such as voltages, resistances or currents, to represent the data • Does not deal directly with the numbers. • measure continuous physical magnitudes (such as temperature, pressure, and voltage), which are analogous to the numbers under consideration. • Petrol pump may have an analog computer that converts the flow of pumped petrol into two measurements – the quantity of petrol and the price for that quantity. • They give approximate results • Very fast in operation as all the calculations are done in ‘parallel mode • The accuracy of analog computers is less

  15. Data handling- Digital Computers • Data represented in a digital form • process data (including text, sound, graphics, and video) into a digital value (in 0s and 1s) • Analog quantities must be converted into digital quantity before processing • Output is digital • The digital output has to be converted into analog quantity if required. • Higher accuracy at a faster rate • The desktop PC at your home is a classic example of digital computer.

  16. Data handling- Hybrid Computers • Measuring feature of an analog computer plus the counting feature of a digital computer • Computational purposes- analog components • Storage- digital memories • Uses analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters • Broadly used for scientific applications, various fields of engineering and in industrial control processes.

  17. Functionality- Micro Computers • Small, low cost digital computer • Consists of a microprocessor, a storage unit, an input channel, and an output channel • all of which may be on one chip inserted into one or several PC boards • Requires a power supply and connecting cables, appropriate peripherals (keyboard, monitor, printer, disk drives, etc.), an operating system and other software programs can make a complete system • Originally designed for individual users only • Now powerful to support businesses functions • Networked together- serve multiple user

  18. Functionality- Micro Computers … • Desktop Computer • Most common micro computer • Intended for stand-alone use by an individual. • Typically consist of a system unit, a display monitor, a keyboard, internal hard disk storage, and other peripheral devices • Laptop • Portable computer- travelling, built in battery • Also known as notebooks • Smaller computers enclosing all the basic features of a normal desktop computer • Expensive as compared to desktop computers

  19. Functionality- Micro Computers … • Hand-held Computers • Also called Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) • Also known as palmtop computers • Stored in a pocket, used by the user is holding it • Uses a pen or electronic stylus vs. keyboard • Can be connected to printer or a disk drive to generate output or store data • Limited memory and are less powerful

  20. Functionality- Mini Computers • Also called a mid-range computer • Higher performance than micro computers- process and store less data than a mainframe • Often connected to a mainframe in order to perform the auxiliary operations. • Size~ of a two-drawer filing cabinet • Designed to meet the computing needs for several people simultaneously in a small to medium size business environment. • Multi-user systems - capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 simultaneous users • Centralized storehouse for a cluster of workstations or as a network server. • These are also used for real-time controls and engineering design work. High-performance workstations with graphics requirement.

  21. Functionality- Mainframe Computers • Mainframes are the second largest (in capability and size) of the computer family • high-volume, processor-intensive computing • Centralization- It consists of a high-end computer processor, with related peripheral devices, capable of supporting large volumes of data processing, high performance on-line transaction processing systems, and extensive data storage and retrieval. • However, a mainframe can usually execute many programs simultaneously at a high speed, whereas super computers are designed for single processes.

  22. Functionality- Super Computers • Special purpose machines, which are specially designed to maximize the numbers of FLOPS (Floating Point Operation Per Second) • More than one gigaflop/sec is considered a super computer • Range of 400–10,000 MFLOPS • For solving scientific and engineering problems • Contains a number of CPUs that operate in parallel to make it faster. • Super computers help in many applications such as information retrieval computer-aided design. • Can resolve complex mathematical equations

  23. The Computer System • Input Unit • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Output Unit • Memory/Storage Unit Intelligent thinking machine?

  24. The Computer System … • Control unit and the registers

  25. Types Of Input Devices • Keyboard • Pointing Devices • Mouse, Trackball, Joystick,touch-screen, digitizer pen • Camera • Scanners- different types • OCR software (Optical Character Recognition) • OMR software (Optical Mark Recognition) • MICR (Mag. Ink Character Reader) • Bar code reader- multiple types

  26. Types Of Output Devices • Hard copy Vs. Soft copy • Printers- • Dot matrix, daisy wheel, drum, ink-jet, laser • Plotters- pen based (Slow, high res.) • flat, drum • Monitor • Resolution, DPI, Refresh rate • LCD and CRT and …

  27. Types Of Memory • Primary Memory • RAM, ROM • Secondary memory • Floppy/USB • Hard disk • Magnetic tape

  28. Applications Of Computer • Science • Education • Medicine and Health Care • Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing • Entertainment • Communication • Business Application • Publishing • Banking

  29. Assignments IOA, IA, GA, Case !@#$

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