Computer Engineering: Applications, Innovations, and Contemporary Issues

1. Computer Engineering: Applications, Innovations, and Contemporary Issues Dr. Matthew Morrison Department of Electrical Engineering University of Mississippi

2. Overview • New Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering • Heading up new Computer Engineering Emphasis for MS and PhD Level • VLSI System Design Research Laboratory • Collaboration between High School and University Academics • Contemporary Issues • Smart Card Security • Mitigating Differential Power Analysis Attacks

3. New Computer Engineering Emphasis • Develop MS and PhD program in Computer Engineering • Teaching Mission Statement: To develop Computer Engineering students academically, creatively, and morally, and to engender ideals of  integrity, professionalism, and lifelong learning and teaching in order to graduate engineers who are dedicated to a career of utilizing the principles of science for Humanity's benefit. • Teaching Vision Statement: To develop outstanding Computer Engineers by imbuing students with world-class study habits by combining Navy teaching methods with modern engineering teaching tools.

4. Ole MISS VLSI System Design Research Lab • Research Mission Statement: To perform research in Computer Engineering in areas on CMOS/VLSI, Embedded Systems, Design Automation, and Hardware Security. • Research Vision Statement: To improve the security, safety, reliability, and efficiency of computer architectures, embedded systems, and application specific designs for the benefit of humankind.

5. Collaboration with HS Students • Objective: To provide summer research opportunities for exceptional juniors and senior high school students in Mississippi through UM Outreach in collaboration with the Ole Miss Athletics Department for the enhancement of the academic, athletic, and the physical and mental well-being of student athletes. • Mission: Develop and seeking funding for a summer research camp/program for outstanding self-selecting juniors and senior high school students who are interested in science, mathematics, and computer engineering.   • Vision: For the program to be highly competitive that engenders state-wide enthusiasm in outstanding students in the state for the enhancement of the state of Mississippi.

6. Computer Engineering challenges • The NAE has identified these 14 Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century. The Grand Challenges are a call to action andserve as a focal point for society's attention to opportunities and challenges affecting our quality of life.

7. Contemporary issues • A Smart Card is • Credit-card size plastic with an embedded microprocessor • “Secure” against malicious tampering and monitoring • Applications: Banking, Government (Military), Security, Transportation, SmartPhone SIM Cards. • In Europe, the proliferation of Smart Cards had led to their standardization. • Standardization => Easier for attackers to know their operation

8. Power Analysis Attack => Dynamic Power Analysis • The effect of an individual key bit may be observed using DPA • The peaks are the result of the single bit being propagated through the circuit

9. Introduction: Computing Reversibility • Quantum mechanics principles govern the physical limitations of computing circuits and systems • Quantum Reversibility: A unique set of probabilistic interactions between corpuscles, where they reach every possible state and return to their initial state, achieving zero entropy gain • Reversible logic: Computing design methodology which uses the bijective nature of quantum reversibility to reduce power consumption in circuits as best as possible. • Systems dissipate energy due to bit erasure within their interconnected primitive structures, which is an important consideration as transistor density increases.

10. Introduction: Adiabacity in Computing • Quantum Adiabatic • A physical system remains in its instantaneous eigenstate if a given perturbation is acting on it slowly enough and if there is a gap between the eigenvalue and the rest of the Hamiltonian's spectrum. • “Adiabatic” Computing Systems • Reduces switching energy through the use of a ramp function instead of the faster switching achieved in step functions. • Therefore, transistors may be used in adiabatic operation, despite being demonstrated as lossydevices.

11. Introduction: Semantics • Since the terms “Reversible” and “Adiabatic” have different meanings in pure quantum physics and computing system, this leads to many conceptual errors. • Example: Many CMOS “reversible” circuits use conventional inverters and diodes, which are not physically reversible. • If this were true, then the designer would have created a perpetual motion machine. • Misconceptions lead to significant debate, which slows research progress. • Relatively few synthesis algorithms and applications developed.

12. Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic • Proposed Universal PADDL Cell

13. Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic PADDL Cell operation at 13.56 MHz compared to NAND gate at 13.56 MHz PADDL Cell operation at 13.56 MHz.

14. Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic

15. Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic • Dual-Rail Adiabatic Rijndael S-Box • Synthesized using presented algorithm • Requires 9612 transistors for encryption • This is higher than most single or dual-rail encryption ciphers • However, since the device is physicallybijective, the S-box may be used during the decryption phase • Not possible without physical bijectivity • Other implementations require added • Only 512 transistors required for decryption for this method • Significantly reduces or negates area overhead for encryption

16. Dual-Rail Adiabatic Synthesis • High-Level Algorithm ESPRESSO is advantageous to QM Reduction for functions with many input variables and with only few care terms defined * The fewer the edges, the fewer the “cares” in the boolean minimization

17. Dual-Rail Adiabatic Synthesis • Synthesis for Full Adder

18. Dual-Rail Adiabatic Synthesis • Synthesis Flow for Proposed Algorithm

19. Dual Rail Adiabatic Rijndael S-Box • Forward Operation

20. Dual Rail Adiabatic Rijndael S-Box • Reverse Operation

21. Dual Rail Adiabatic Rijndael S-Box • Hspice Simulation • Power Waveform for All 256 Inputs at 13.56MHz and 90nm • Power Waveform for 16 Random Inputs

22. Dual Rail Adiabatic Rijndael S-Box • Hspice Simulations performed using the following at a variety of frequencies: • TSMC: 0.35μm, 0.25μm, 0.18μm • IBM: 0.13μm, 90nm, 65nm • PTM: 45nm, 32nm, 22nm • Significant improvements in Differential Power and Average Power • Improvement by 57% over previous best “Adiabatic” approach (CSSAL) • Improvement by a factor of 120 over previous best dual-rail approach. • Reduced trade off in area with hardware reuse

23. Future Work • Significant Opportunities for Future Research! • Dual-Rail Adiabatic Memory • Design of a Turing-Complete Dual-Rail Architecture • Incorporate Dynamic Information Flow Tracking for Multiple Levels of Security • Application: Secure Reliable Cost-Effective Patient Identification in Hospital Settings Using Adiabatic NFC Circuits • Use of Reversible Adiabatic Hardware for ID chips in hospital bracelets • RFID: Highly applicable for low power, low frequency security