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Sustainable Energy Issues

Sustainable Energy Issues. Professor S. Kumar. Asian Institute of Technology. kumar@ait.ac.th. 1st Central Asian Leadership Programme on Environment for Sustainable Development 28-30 September 2010, Astana. Kazakhstan. Presentation Outline. Energy Resources, Consumption and its impacts

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Sustainable Energy Issues

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  1. Sustainable Energy Issues Professor S. Kumar Asian Institute of Technology kumar@ait.ac.th 1st Central Asian Leadership Programme on Environment for Sustainable Development 28-30 September 2010, Astana. Kazakhstan

  2. Presentation Outline Energy Resources, Consumption and its impacts Energy and Sustainable Development Sustainable energy solutions 2

  3. What is the Role of Energy? 3

  4. Energy System Energy Source Energy Carrier Equipment Devices Services Source: Pathways to energy and climate change 2050, WBCSD, 2005

  5. As energy is the prime mover of human existence, how have humans used it? 5

  6. Energy Consumption Trend Adapt from source: University of Texas

  7. World Primary Energy Consumption, 1984 - 2009 Source: BP, June 2010

  8. Regional Primary Energy Consumption Pattern, 2009 Source: BP, June 2010 8

  9. World Primary Energy Consumption: A Projection Fuel Shares of World Marketed Energy use 2003, 2015, 2030 Source: Birol, 2007 9

  10. It looks like we will continue to consume energy in even greater quantities. Is it true everywhere? 10

  11. Primary Energy Consumption Per Capita • Asia Pacific – 32.5%; North America – 27%; Europe – 28% • World total – nearly 11,000 million tonnes of oil equivalent • Population of 6 billion • Large variation between countries and regions BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010

  12. Electricity Consumption: Developed and Developing Countries What would happen if China and India consume like USA? Source: http://www.nationmaster.com 12

  13. Electricity Access Source: Human Development Report, 2007/2008 13

  14. How much of these resources do we have? 14

  15. Fossil fuel Reserves-to-Production (R/P) ratios at end 2009 Source: BP, June 2010

  16. Energy, so far… • Biomass to Coal to Petroleum. • Large variation in energy use. About 1.2 billion people do not have access to modern energy services. • Fossil Resources play an important role. In the next 20 years, the consumption is expected to increase by more than 50%. • R/P ratio • For oil it is about 40 years, and has remained stable over the last 30 years • For natural gas, it is about 60-70 years • For coal it is about 200-300 years

  17. So, can this continue?….. • Population, level of energy consumption and current economic growth levels • Developed economies: Maintain and uphold current living pattern • Rest of the developing world – energy access, and aspirations • Green house gas emissions and climate change • What about future generations – Sustainable Development Sustainable energy: It is the provision of energy such that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

  18. So, Increased fossil fuel use emits carbon dioxide,which leads to Green House Effect, which causes Global Warming The Evidence and the Predictions …. 18

  19. Carbon Hydrogen HEAT Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon + oxygento giveCarbon-di-oxide Hydrogen + oxygento giveWater These conversions produce Heat industries, buildings, electricity, transportation Electricity the most versatile energy carrier How are GHGs Produced ? Carbon Hydrogen

  20. CO2 Variations: Past and Present Source: http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Carbon_Dioxide_400kyr.png Source: WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, November 2006

  21. Climate Change: Temperature variations (Past and Predicted) Source: http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Carbon_Dioxide_400kyr.png

  22. How Much CO2 Do We Produce ? = about 7 PgC Source: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, www.mnp.nl

  23. Total GHG emissions 60 GtCO2-eq/yr 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2004 1970 1980 1990 2000 Between 1970 and 2004 global greenhouse gas emissions have increased by 70 % Source: Mitigation of Climate Change, IPCC Working Group III contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report, May 2007

  24. IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) GtCO2eq/yr 25-90% increase of GHG emissions in 2030 relative to 2000 Source: Mitigation of Climate Change, IPCC Working Group III contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report, May 2007

  25. So, is our energy consumption path sustainable? 25

  26. Sustainable Energy “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, 1987 It emphasizes • Well-being of present and future generations • Maintaining a healthy environment without increasing the use of natural resources beyond the capacity of the environment to supply them indefinitely

  27. Why is it defined so? And what does it mean ? Consumption of non renewable resources has increased dramatically. So, there is a danger that future generations may not have access to such resources. Planet earth is basically a closed system, except, say, for radiation exchanges. So, every degradation (due to consumption) needs to be carefully considered.

  28. Energy’s Link with 3 pillars of SD • Economic • Energy production, supply and use • Energy price, taxation and subsidies • Intensities of sector wise end-use (energy intensities) • Energy security Social • Energy disparities • Energy affordability • Energy accessibility Environmental • Global climate change • Atmospheric pollution • Waste generation and management

  29. Energy and social linkages - Poverty - Gender disparity - Population - Under nutrition and food “1.5-2 billion people are without access to electricity”

  30. Energy and environment - Health - Acidification - Climate change - Land degradation “Energy sector emissions contribute the majority of global greenhouse gases” Source: Birol, 2007

  31. Energy and economy - Investment requirement of Energy - Foreign exchange impacts on Energy import “The search for new sources of finance has led to a drive for privatisation in the energy sector to attract private capital” Source: Birol, 2007

  32. Sustainable energy options • Rational use of non renewable energy resources • Natural gas, oil and coal • Use of renewable energy resources • Solar energy – thermal and photovoltaics • Wind • Biomass • Micro hydro • Hydrogen • Energy efficiency • Electricity, industries, transport and residential sector • Cogeneration

  33. An example: What solar energy can do … These simple panels … brighten our huts … help in health care… entertain us … Light our streets… solar transport …

  34. Global Wind and PV growth WIND PV Source: REN21 (update), 2009

  35. Energy efficiency Source: International Energy Star Program

  36. Primary fuel(100) Electricity (35) Electricity (30) Output (24) Primary fuel(100) Electricity (35) Electricity (30) Energy efficiency Efficiency of end use device: 17% Output (5) Efficiency of power plant 35% Efficiency of end use device: 80% 1 unit saved in demand side is 3-5 units saved in supply side

  37. Energy conservation and efficiency in Buildings (Residential and commercial sector): Experience at AIT • Replacing fluorescent with CFLs • Reducing lamps with efficient reflectors • Use of pull switches • Use of sensors • Payback period < 1 year • Illuminance better and above norms

  38. Sustainable energy practices • Improving efficiency of fossil fuel based systems • Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency • Encouraging greater international co-operation in technology procurement • Adopting policies and mechanism to increase access to energy services • Building capacity among stakeholders • Advancing innovation • Creating market framework conditions to encourage competitiveness in energy market Behavioral change

  39. A last word ….. • Energy assist us in getting our things done • Our morning coffee • Hot water for our bath • Taking us to work • lighting, computers, printers, • etc “You name it, without energy, nothing is possible.” “Water is life”. However, to pump water, treat it, etc, you need energy. But, what we need is the rational use of energy resources.

  40. SUMMARY • Fossil fuel use results in increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere causing climate change impacts. Addressing climate change due to fossil fuel use is to mitigate and adapt. Mitigation is by reducing fossil fuel use, increasing efficiency and increasing renewable energy use. • Energy consumption is highly skewed among the countries. Resource availability is not widespread. Fossil fuel consumption is increasing. Access to modern energy is still a major problem in many developing countries. • For sustainability, a number of options are available. This essentially includes use of more renewable energy resources, improving efficiency and adapting lifestyles.

  41. Resource sustainability explained No Yes! “This is the only world we have” S. Kumar, kumar@ait.ac.th

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