Which structure is part of the lower respiratory system?

1. Which structure is part of the lower respiratory system? • a. larynx • b. pharynx • c. internal nares • d. soft palate

2. Which structure is the final part of the conduction portion of the respiratory system? • a. alveolar sacs • b. tertiary bronchi • c. respiratory bronchioles • d. terminal bronchioles

3. Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped? • to prevent damage to the trachea • to conform to the shape of the thorax • to allow room for esophageal expansion • to ensure normal cardiac functioning

4. Which arteries supply blood to the conducting portions of the respiratory tract? • a. internal carotid arteries • b. pulmonary arteries • c. bronchial arteries • d. pulmonary veins

5. What path does air take when flowing from the glottis to the respiratory membrane? • a. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli • b. larynx, trachea, respiratory bronchioles, bronchioles, alveoli • c. trachea, bronchi, larynx, bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac • d. larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveolar sac, respiratory membrane

6. What statement(s) is (are) true with regard to the respiratory membrane? • It is formed by the fusion of endothelium and simple squamous cells of the alveoli. • Diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane occurs rapidly. • Transport of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is simultaneous. • All of the above statements are true.

7. What statement below is true of the pleura? • It secretes surfactant and reduces surface tension. • It secretes mucus that traps particulate matter. • It is attached to the diaphragm and thoracic wall. • It prevents friction between the heart and lungs.

8. What role do the nasal conchae play in the respiratory system? • trapping airborne particles in mucus • warming and humidifying incoming air • bringing olfactory stimulation to olfactory receptors • all of the above

9. If surfactant is not produced, alveoli _____ due to ______. • a. contract; elastic recoil of lungs • b. collapse; increase in surface tension • c. expand; decrease in intrapleural pressure • d. burst; increase in intrapulmonary pressure

10. Which of the following is NOT TRUE concerning the efficiency of gas exchange? • Total surface area for gas exchange is large. • Gases are lipid soluble. • The difference in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane is minimal. • Blood flow and airflow are coordinated.

11. If you have maximally exhaled all the air you can (ERV), what is the amount you can now maximally inhale? • a. inspiratory reserve volume • b. vital capacity • c. inspiratory capacity • d. residual volume

12. In pneumonia, fluid accumulates in the alveoli of the lungs and bronchioles constrict. What effect does pneumonia have on vital capacity? a. increase in vital capacity b. decrease in vital capacity c. increase in breathing rate, with no effect on vital capacity d. decrease in tidal volume, with no effect on vital capacity

13. Which respiratory muscles become actively involved only during a forced inspiration? • diaphragm and external intercostal muscles • internal intercostal muscles, as well as external and internal oblique muscles • pectoralis minor, scalenes, and serratus anterior • both A and C

14. How is inspiratory capacity calculated? • It is the amount of air one can inhale beyond Tv. • Tv + IRV • ERV + Tv+ IRV • FRC + Tv + IRV

15. Why is VA more important than the respiratory minute volume? • VA determines the rate of O2 delivery to alveoli. • VA determines the volume of dead space. • VA determines the amount of air moved each minute. • VA determines functional reserve capacity.

16. What is the functional relationship between hemoglobin and pH? • a. As pH drops, Hb binds more oxygen. • b. As pH drops, HbO2 saturation declines. • c. As pH increases, Hb releases O2 more readily. • d. Both A and B are correct.

17. Which gas law states, “At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas”? • a. Boyle’s law • b. Dalton’s law • c. the Bohr effect • d. Henry’s law

18. What does Boyle’s law state concerning the relationship between pressure and volume? a. If you decrease the volume of a gas, its pressure will decrease. b. If you increase the volume of a gas, its pressure will decrease. c. P = 1 / V d. Both B and C are correct.

19. A decrease in pneumotaxic output results in _______ because ______. a. shorter breaths and increased respiration rate; of stimulation of the VRG b. decreased respiratory rate and increased depth of respiration; the apneustic centers are stimulated c. neurons of the VRG activating accessory muscles of inhalation; little pulmonary ventilation is occurring d. none of the above

20. What do increased temperature in active skeletal muscles and increased concentrations of BPG have in common? What is the result? • both allow the Hb molecule to release O2 more readily; improved tissue oxygenation • both cause the Hb molecule to bind O2 more tightly; determines how long a blood bank can store blood • both allow Hb to have a higher affinity for O2; improved O2 transfer across the placenta • Both A and C are correct.

21. Which of the following contributes the most to the expiration of carbon dioxide? • a. the formation of carbaminohemoglobin • b. the formation of a bicarbonate ion • c. the high solubility of CO2 in blood • d. the percentage of oxygen in inhaled air

22. Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the transport of the respiratory gases in blood? • a. CO2 binds to the Fe2+ center of the hemoglobin molecule. • b. CO2 solubility is greater than O2. • c. O2 can bind to the heme center at nearly 100%. • d. All of the above are methods of gas transport

23. The epithelium of the pharynx changes from ___ in the nasopharynx to ___ in the oropharynx because ______. a. pseudostratified ciliated columnar; stratified squamous; the oropharynx is subject to abrasion b. simple cuboidal; pseudostratified ciliated columnar; gas exchange occurs in the nasal cavity c. stratified squamous; pseudostratified ciliated columnar; the nasopharynx contains goblet cells d. none of the above

24. Why is it important to exhale while lifting weights? a. to relax the diaphragm b. to equalize pressures inside and outside the thoracic cavity c. to enhance action of the accessory respiratory muscles d. to prevent intrapulmonary pressure from increasing

25. Edward breaks a rib that punctures his left lung. What will happen to his left lung and how will it be treated? a. fluids leak into the alveoli; surfactant administration b. atelectasis; vacuum air from pleural space c. bronchospasm; muscle relaxant d. bronchitis; antibiotics

26. Beyond transport of respiratory gases, how do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact? • regulation of BP by activation of angiotensin II • bicarbonate ions contribute to the buffering capacity of blood • maintenance of normal fluid and ion balance • Both A and B are correct.