PART II: Next Three Chapters

1. PART II:Next Three Chapters Chapter 4: Hardware and Software • Defines basic terms and fundamental computing concepts Chapter 5: Database Processing • Essential database terminology, techniques for processing databases and data modeling Chapter 6: Data Communication and the Cloud • Describes data communications and Internet technologies

2. GearUp Scenarios Chapter 4: Hardware and Software • GearUp has important decisions to make about critical software development project Chapter 5: Database Processing • GearUpdoes not have the easy access to data needed to analyze vendor quality and costs Chapter 6: Data Communication and the Cloud • GearUp needs to make decisions about building infrastructure for the next stage of its growth • GearUp needs to understand advantages and disadvantages of cloud-based computing

3. Chapter 4Hardware and Software Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D. Professor of MIS School of Business Administration Gonzaga University Spokane, WA 99258 chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu

4. "... if we don’t have an iPad App, we don’t have a business." • GearUp not competitive because they don’t have iPad app • Don’t know what they’re doing and could waste a lot of money and time • Outsourcing to India? Open source? • Need to find out what others have done • Conflict between low cost and technical competitiveness

5. Chapter Preview • Like Neil, you might go into the computer industry and then transition to some other business. If so, you’ll know “how the game is played,” as Kelly says. However, you might not. You might become a department manager, or own your own small business, or be appointed to your law firm’s technology committee. Whatever direction your career takes, you don’t want to be one of those professionals who “waste a lot of money . . . and time.” The knowledge from this chapter can help. • You don’t need to be an expert. You don’t need to be a hardware engineer or a computer programmer. You do need to know enough, however, to be an effective consumer. You need the knowledge and skills to ask important, relevant questions and understand the answers. We begin with basic hardware and software concepts. Then we will discuss how you can use your knowledge to prepare a computer budget for your department and, then we wrap up by forecasting trends in hardware and software in 2020.

6. Study Questions Q1: What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2: What do business professionals need to know about software? Q3: Is open source software a viable alternative? Q4: How can you use this knowledge? Q5: 2022?

7. Four Categories of Basic Computer Components • Hardware includes the electronic components that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. • The basic components of a computer are divided into four categories. • Input hardware includes keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, and even handwriting for a tablet PC. • Processing hardware includes: central processing unit (CPU) which can be adual-processor or a quad-processor, main memory, and special function cards are also in this category. • Output hardware includes video displays, printers, audio speakers, overhead projectors, and special-purpose devices. • Storage hardware includes magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tape.

8. Two Types of Storage • Primary or Internal storage (memory) • Secondary or External storage (memory) • Q: Is hard drive an internal storage? • Y/N • Volatile vs. Nonvolatile • Cache and main memory are volatile meaning their contents are lost when power is off. • Magnetic and optical disks are nonvolatile, meaning their contents survive when power is off.

9. SYSTEM MODEL INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT FEEDBACK A system is a group of components that interact to achieve some purpose.

10. Computer System Concepts “the brain” of the computer (RAM)

11. Q1: What Do Business Professionals Need to Know About Computer Hardware? • Hardware includes electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. Fig 4-1 Input, Process, Output, and Storage Hardware

12. How data are represented in computers? Because the most basic unit of electric device has only two states (on/off), data (symbols) must be represented in the form of combinations of these two states. # of bulb # of states On Off 2 4 8 Question: How many symbols do we need daily? How many bulbs should be used to represent them?

13. Bits vs. Bytes • 1 Byte = 8 bits • 1 character = 1 byte • 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes = 29 bytes • 1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 K bytes • 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB • 1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB

14. Computer Data: Binary Digits • Computers use binary digits, or bits, to represent data. Each bit is either a zero or a one. Fig 4-4 Bits are Easy to Represent Physically Fig 4-3 Bits are Easy to Represent Physically

15. VIDEOS • Video: Binary Numbers (6m 3s)

16. Sizing Computer Data Computer data, whether numbers, alphabetic characters, or photos, are merely a collection of bits. Fig 4-4 Important Storage-Capacity Terminology

17. In Fewer Than 300 Words, How Doesa Computer Work? Fig 4-5 Computer Components in Use

18. How Does a Computer Work? • Main memory (RAM) • Program instructions • Contains Operating System (OS) • Program that controls computer’s resources and blocks of data • Provides services to application programs and users • Cache memory, part of CPU, is very fast memory used to store frequently used instructions in order to speed up processing. • First step: CPU transfers a program or data from a storage disk to main memory. • Second step: CPU moves a program instruction from main memory into the CPU via the data channel, or bus.

19. Memory Swapping CPU Free space Term project RAM (4g) Access Word and others apps (free space is too small for entire term project to be loaded and executed in a single time, memory swapping is needed…) Excel • Therefore, does swapping increase or decrease the speed of computers?

20. Memory Swapping • When RAM is too small to hold all open programs and data for processing. • CPU loads programs into memory in chunks (segments). Then, uses memory swapping to move chunks of instructions and data in and out of main memory. • If not enough RAM is available, operating system swaps out existing instructions, or data, to a disk and copies requested program, or data, to freed space • Swapping _____ _______ computer slows down

21. Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works? • Managers need to match computers to employee tasks and requirements to reduce employee frustration and improve productivity. • Simple tasks do not need fast CPU • 64-bit dual processor, 8+GB RAM for large, complicated spreadsheets, large database files, large picture, sound, movie files • Cache and main memory are volatile, so save frequently.

22. Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works? CPU speed (Ghertz) • Slow personal computers have speed of 1.7 Gigahertz, fast ones have speed of 3+ Gigahertz(e.g., Intel Core i7 for desktop and laptop 64-bit x86-64 processor) (2012). CPUs classified as 32-bit or 64-bit • 64-bit CPU can address more main memory. • Effectively utilize more than 4 GB of memory. • More expensive than 32-bit processors.

23. Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works? • Simple tasks, such as word processing, do not need fast CPU; a 32-bit, 1.5 Gigahertz CPU will be fine. • Employee who processes large, complicated spreadsheets or manipulates large database files or edits large picture, sound, or movie files needs a fast computer like a 64-bit, dual processor with 3.5 Gigahertz or more. • Cache and main memory are volatile meaning their contents are lost when power is off. • Magnetic and optical disks are nonvolatile, meaning their contents survive when power is off.

24. What Is Difference Between a Client and a Server? Fig 4-6 Client & Server Computers

25. DATABASE TRENDS Linking Internal Databases to the Web N

26. 2. Request for data-based Web page 1. Request for data-based Web page 3. Data query 8. Data-based Web page 6. Retrieved data 7. Data-based Web page Web Browser Web server 4. Data query 5. Retrieved data Legend Communications Between Web browser And Web server Communications Between Web server And database server Database Server Web-Based Client/Server Database Architecture Network

27. Clients and Servers • Client computers • Computers used by an individual for word processing, spreadsheets, database access, and so forth. • Most client computers have software that enables them to connect to a private network at work or school, or public Internet. • Server computers • Provide some service (such as email; serving pages on a Web site; processing large, shared databases; or other functions) to multiple users.

28. Clients and Servers • A typical server: • Must be fast and have multiple CPUs • Need lots of main memory, at least 4GB • Require very large disks—often a terabyte or more. Because servers are almost always accessed from another computer via a network • Have limited video displays, or no display at all • Many have no keyboard

29. Clients and Servers • Server farm • An organized collection of servers (Figure 4-7). • Servers in a farm coordinate their activities in a sophisticated and fascinating technology dance. • They receive and process hundreds, possibly thousands, of service requests per minute. • In November 2010, Amazon.com processed an average of 158 order items per second for 24 hours straight. • Farm servers hand off partially processed requests to each other while keeping track of the current status of each request. • They can pick up the pieces when a computer in the farm fails. • All of this is done in the blink of an eye.

30. A Server Farm

31. Q2: What a Manager Needs to Know About Software • There are two types of computer software. • Operating system software controls computer resources. It’s hardware specific and includes a specific instruction set based on the computer’s processor. Windows XP is an example. • Application program software helps users accomplish tasks like word processing or database management. Programs such as Microsoft Word or Excel examples. Fig 4-8 Category of Computer Software

32. What are the major O.S.? [1] [2] [3] Fig 4-9

33. Own Versus License License • Right to use specified number of copies • Limits vendor’s liability Site License • Flat fee to install software product on all company computers or all computers at a specific site Open Source • No license fee

34. Types of Virtualization PC virtualization • Personal computer hosts several different operating systems Server virtualization • Server computer hosts other server computers • Makes cloud computing feasible Virtual desktop • Allows access from any computer a user has authorization to use

35. Virtualization Windows Server Computer Hosting Two Virtual Machines Fig 4-10

36. Virtualization (cont’d) How Virtual Machine VM3 Appears to a User Fig 4-11

37. Virtual Companies (Portable Computing) A Virtual Company is an Organization composed of several Business Partners that Uses Information Technology to Link/Share People, Assets, Ideas, Costs, and Resources for the purpose of producing a product or service. Virtual Companies are Adaptable and Opportunity- Exploiting Organizations Providing World-Class Excellence in Their Competencies and Technologies.

38. Characteristics of Virtual Companies Excellence Adaptability Borderless Six Characteristics of Virtual Companies Opportunism Trust-Based Technology N

39. What Types of Applications Exist, and How Do Organizations Obtain Them? • (Tutorial Video) • Application software • Performs a service or function • Some are general purpose, such as Microsoft Excel or Word • Others provide specific functions, such as QuickBooks which provides general ledger and other accounting functions

40. What Categories of Application Programs Exist? • Horizontal-market application software • Provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries. Word processors, graphics programs, spreadsheets, and presentation programs are all horizontal-market application software. • Examples: • Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint; Adobe Acrobat, Photoshop, and PageMaker; Jasc Corporation’s Paint Shop Pro. • Used in a wide variety of businesses, across all industries • Purchased off-the-shelf, and little customization of features is necessary (or possible)

41. What Categories of Application Programs Exist? • Vertical-market applicationsoftware • Serves needs of a specific industry • Examples: • Programs used by dental offices to schedule appointments and bill patients; auto mechanics to keep track of customer data and customers’ automobile repairs; and programs used by parts warehouses to track inventory, purchases, and sales • Vertical applications • Usually can be altered or customized. Typically, the company that sold the application software will provide such services or offer referrals to qualified consultants who can provide this service. • One-of-a-kind application software • Developed for a specific, unique need

42. How Do Thin Clients Compare to Thick Clients? Fig 4-12 Thin and Thick Clients

43. What Types of Applications Exist, and How Do Organizations Obtain Them? Fig 4-13 Software Sources and Types

44. What Is Firmware? • Definition: • Computer software installed on read-only memory (ROM) • Firmware is software that is embedded in a piece of hardware. • You can think of firmware simply as "software for hardware." Devices that you might think of as strictly hardware such as optical drives, a network card, a router, or a scanner all have software that is programmed into special memory contained in the hardware itself. • Other examples: • Printers, print servers, communication devices • Coded like other software • Can be changed and upgraded

45. Q3: Is Open Source Software a Viable Alternative? GNU general public license agreement • Standard for open source software • Successful open source projects • OpenOffice (Microsoft Office look-alike) • FireFox (Web browser) • MySQL (DBMS, see Chapter 5) • Apache (Web server, see Chapter 8) • Ubuntu (Windows-like desktop operating system) • Android (mobile-phone operating system)

46. Why Do Programmers Volunteer Their Services? • It’s fun • Freedom to choose projects • Exercise creativity on interesting and fulfilling projects • Exhibit one’s skill to get a job • Start a business selling services

47. How Does Open Source Work? • Collaboration of many programmers • Examines source code and identifies a need, creates new feature or redesigns existing feature, or fixes a problem • Code evaluated and extended by others • Iteration, peer reviews and well-managed project yield high-quality code

48. So, Is Open Source Viable? • Depends on requirements and constraints of situation. • “Free” open source software still requires support and operational costs that could cost more than a licensing fee. • Future will involve a blend of both proprietary and open source software.

49. Q4: How Can You Use This Knowledge? • What Buying Decisions Do You Make? • Specification of client hardware and software • Specification of client hardware and software for employees • Large organizations, _____________ sets formal standards • Medium to small organizations, _________ take active role in setting specifications IS department managers

50. Sources of System Costs Fig 4-15: Sources of System Costs