MINYAK CENGKEH

1. MINYAK CENGKEH KiMIA MINYAK ATSIRI

3. Cloves were used in China as early as 266 BC, and by the 4th century, they were known in Europe, although very expensive. Same as with nutmeg, the Dutch also destroyed all trees from surrounding native islands to secure a monopoly, and cultivated them only in a small group of islands. In 1770, the French managed to introduce clove trees to Mauritius, and started cultivating them there, as well as in Zanzibar, Penang and Sumatra. HISTORY OF CLOVE

4. The flower buds are collected when the lower part turns green-crimson. The cloves are dried in the open air on mats & separated from their peduncles (forming clove stalks which are also sold commercially). If left on the tree for too long, the buds open & the petals fall, leaving “brown cloves”. Later the fruits (“mother cloves”) are produced. COLLECTION & PREPARATION

5. Cloves are 10-17.5 mm long. The head consists of 4 slightly projecting calyx teeth, 4 membranous petals and numerous incurved stamens around a large style. Odour: Spicy & Pungent Taste: Aromatic MACROSCOPICAL FEATURES

6. MICROSCOPICAL FEATURES Heavy cuticularized epidermis Numerous oil cells (shizolysigenous) Calcium oxalates (cluster crystals & prisms) Stomata (epidermis of sepals) Starch (Fruit – “mother cloves”) Lignified sclereids

7. CONSTITUENTS 14-21% Volatile oils • Mainly eugenol & isoeugenol • Sitosterol • Stigmasterol • Campesterol Tannins Triterpene acids & esters Glycosides

8. Stimulant aromatic Spice For the preparation of volatile oil Sesquiterpenes: potential anti-carcinogenic compounds USES OF CLOVE

9. Oil distilled in Europe and the US normally does not need purification, while oil distilled in other areas (e.g. Madagascar) does. After purification the oil is sold with varying eugenol contents. Oil of cloves is yellow or colourless, is slightly heavier than water. CLOVE OIL

10. CLOVE OIL - CONSTITUENTS Volatile oils : PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS : mainly eugenol NON PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS : Sesquiterpenes (α and βcaryophyllene, a-kubeben, a-kopaen, d, kadinen, kadina-1,3,5-trien) Oil of clove – like other volatile/essential oils – should be stored in a well-fitted, air-tight container, & should be protected from light & heat.

11. Anti-septic Aromatic Stimulant Flavouring Agent CLOVE OIL - USES

13. ISOLASI EUGENOL DAN KARIOFILEN MINYAK DAUN CENGKEH DIDESTILASI BERTINGKAT DENGAN PENGURANGAN TEKANAN. DESTILAT DENGAN TITIK DIDIH 65-110Oc PADA 5 mmHg, PADA KROMATOGRAFI GAS MEMPUNYAI DUA PUNCAK UTAMA, YAITU b-KARIOFILEN (28.0%) DAN EUGENOL (71,5%). Sifatfisik : nD = 1,530, massajenispada 30oC = 0,9994 ISOLASI EUGENOL : DItambahkan DENGAN NaOH , FASA AIR DIASAMKAN, DAN FASA EUGENOL DIDESTILASI EUGENOL nD = 1,5369; d = 1,053 Lapisankariofilenadidestilasiulang.

15. IDENTIFIKASI EUGENOL SPEKTRUM H NMR EUGENOL

16. SPEKTRUM MASSA

17. DERIVATISASI EUGENOL SINTESIS EUGENIL METIL ETER EugenilMetilEtersangatluasdigunakansebagaikomposisiparfum , baunyalebilunakdarieugenol Penariklalatbuahjantan (feromon)

18. 2. SINTESIS EUGENIL ASETAT EUGENIL ASETAT DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PENGHARUM SABUN DAN IMITATION SPICE OIL

19. 3. SINTESIS VANILIN Isoeugenol , senyawa yang digunakanjenispewangi floral dan fancy bonqouets, anyelir.

20. SINTESIS AMFETAMIN • Amfetaminadalahpsikostimulan, obat-obatan yang menstimulirdanmenaikkankepercayaandiri . • Digunakanjugauntukperangsangpsikomotor agar tidakmengantuk • Penekannafsumakan • antiobesitas

21. SINTESIS DOPA DOPA OBAT PENYAKIT PARKINSON

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