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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Learning. Learning. The Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov came up with the concept of Classical Conditioning This is when a person’s or animals response becomes attached to a new stimulus Classical conditioning is an example of learning

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Learning

  2. Learning • The Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov came up with the concept of Classical Conditioning • This is when a person’s or animals response becomes attached to a new stimulus • Classical conditioning is an example of learning • Learning- the relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience • What experiences have you had that have changed your experience? Feel free to share with the class!!

  3. Learning • Pavolov stumbled across classical conditioning when studying the digestive system of dogs. • Experiment- he would ring a tuning fork and then immediately placed food in front of the dog. He chose the tuning for because it was a neutral stimulus. This means that it had nothing to do with the dog’s response (salivating) when shown the food. A dog does not naturally salivate when it hears a tuning fork it needs to be taught had to do so.

  4. Learning • After a few trials the dogs began to salivate when they heard the tuning fork even when no food was given. Classical conditioning had occurred. • In the experiment the food was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) This means that the dog was not conditioned to salivate when given the food, as food normally causes a dog to salivate.

  5. Learning • The salivation of the dog is the unconditioned response (UCR). The dog had not been taught to salivate when seeing the food. Most UCR are reflexes • Also in this experiment the tuning fork was the conditioned stimulus (CS) The dog had to be taught or conditioned to salivate when seeing the tuning fork.

  6. Learning • The salivating of the dog due to the tuning fork was the Conditioned Response (CR) • In other words the dogs had been taught to salivate at the hearing the sound of the tuning fork because he/she learned that it was associated with food.

  7. Learning • Generalization- occurs when similar stimulus is presented like the stimulus that was conditioned • Pavlov tried using a bell instead of a tuning fork • In that experiment the dog still salivated at the sound of the bell

  8. Learning • Discrimination occurs when people/animals have the ability to distinguish between two different stimuli. Pavlov tried using a buzzer and the dogs failed to salivate in that experiment! • Extinction occurs when there is a gradual disappearance of the conditioned response. • Pavlov could have stopped feeding the dogs at the sound of the tuning fork and eventually the dogs would have lost his conditioning

  9. Learning • John Watson a psychologist did an experiment with a 11 month old boy named Albert. In this experiment he made Albert afraid of rats by placing a white rat in front of him and banging pans behind the boy when he reached out to touch it. • After several times of trying to reach for the rat and the banging pans, Albert began to fear the rat. In fact, when he was shown the rat he cried and this experiment showed that classical conditioning could be done to humans as well.

  10. Learning • Read the story on page 134 and lets think about some of the thinking critically questions as a class. • How did the Watson and Rayner condition Little Albert to fear white rats? • Why do you think most psychologists today would consider this experiment unethical today?

  11. Observant Learning • If you have ever tried to teach someone a difficult task you usually have to break down into parts or steps. • When you do this you have to put all the parts together for it to look good as a whole. • Shaping- is a way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction.

  12. Cognitive Factors in Learning • Latent learning is learning that remains hidden until it is needed. For instance, you may pass a particular place everyday but never have a reason to stop. Then our friend gives you a call and tells you to meet you at that place you always drive by. Because you have never been to that place but have driven by and know how to get there this is called latent learning.

  13. Observant learning • In his research on social learning, Albert Bandura has shown that we acquire knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others. This is called observant learning. • Observational learning accounts for much of human learning.

  14. Debate Preparation • You will be put into two groups • One group will argue that media violence makes people more violent. • Group two will argue that people are violent for others reasons and that the media does not necessarily make people more violent. • Debate will be tomorrow for the last 30 minutes of class. • Each person is responsible for researching and contributing a 1 page response before tomorrows debate begins.

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