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Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws. Jim Crow Laws. From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (named after a black character in minstrel shows).

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Jim Crow Laws

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  1. Jim Crow Laws

  2. Jim Crow Laws From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (named after a black character in minstrel shows). From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states could impose legal punishments on people for associating with members of another race.

  3. Jim Crow Laws • The most common types of laws forbade miscegenation and required business owners and public institutions to keep their black and white clientele separated. • Violations of miscegenation Jim Crow Laws carried the harshest penalties. Often, just the accusation of violating these laws, resulted in acts of violence towards, and the lynching of, the black men/women involved..

  4. Miscegenation- the marriage, cohabitation, or romantic/sexual relationship between a man and woman of different races, especially, in the U.S., between a black and a white person.

  5. Jim Crow Laws: Miscegenation • Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida • The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void. Arizona • The marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto or person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be unlawful and void. Mississippi • All marriages of white persons with Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void. Wyoming • It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Georgia

  6. Jim Crow Laws: Miscegenation Cont. • All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, or between a white person and a member of the Malay race; or between the negro and a member of the Malay race; or between a person of Negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, and a member of the Malay race, are forever prohibited, and shall be void. - Maryland • All marriages between...white persons and negroes or white persons and Mongolians...are prohibited and declared absolutely void...No person having one-eighth part or more of negro blood shall be permitted to marry any white person, nor shall any white person be permitted to marry any negro or person having one-eighth part or more of negro blood. - Missouri

  7. Jim Crow Laws in Alabama Between 1865 and 1965, Alabama Passed 27 Jim Crow segregation laws, including six each against miscegenation and desegregated schools. Miscegenation violations carried the harshest penalties. Violators could be given two to seven years of jail time and up to $1,000 in fines. As in all the other Jim Crow states, black men and women in Alabama were often wrongfully accused of violating these laws and then lynched without a fair trial, and in some case, without any evidence that they were even guilty of the crime they were being accused of committing.

  8. Alabama Jim Crow Laws: Miscegenation Cont. • 1907:Miscegenation [State Code]Restated 1867 constitutional provision prohibiting intermarriage and cohabitation between whites and blacks. Penalties remained the same. A political code adopted in the same year defined the term "Negro" to include "mulatto," which was noted as "persons of mixed blood descended from a father or mother from Negro ancestors, to the fifth generation inclusive, though one ancestor of each generation may have been a white person." Note: This code added two additional generations to the original 1867 definition of what constituted a "Negro" person. • 1928:Miscegenation [State Code]Miscegenation declared a felony. • 1940:Miscegenation [State Code]Prohibited intermarriage and cohabitation between whites and blacks or the descendant of any Negro. Penalty: Imprisonment in the penitentiary for two to seven years. Ministers and justices of the peace faced fines between $100 and $1,000 and could be imprisoned in the county jail for up to six months.

  9. Alabama Jim Crow Laws: Miscegenation • 1867:Miscegenation [State Code]Set penalties for intermarriage and cohabitation between blacks and whites. Penalties: Confinement in the penitentiary at hard labor between two and seven years. Those who issued the license or performed such a ceremony could be fined from $100 to $1,000, or imprisoned for six months, or both. • 1901:Miscegenation [Constitution]Declared that the legislature could never pass any law authorizing or legalizing "any marriage between any white person and a Negro, or descendant of a Negro."

  10. After seeing how violently opposed white people in Jim Crow states were to any kind of miscegenation, or interracial relationship, what can you infer about what Tom Robinson means in the last line of the following excerpt from chapter 19 (in red)? Mr. Gilmer: “Didn’t Mr. Ewell run you off the place boy?” Tom: “No suh, I don’t think he did.” Mr. Gilmer: “Don’t think, what do you mean?” Tom: “I mean I didn’t stay long enough for him to run me off.” Mr. Gilmer: “You’re very candid about this, why did you run so fast?” Tom: “I says, I was scared suh.” Mr. Gilmer: “If you had a clear conscience, why were you scared?” Tom: “Like I says before, it weren’t safe for any nigger to be in a - fix like that.” Mr. Gilmer: “But you weren’t in a fix – you testified that you were resisting Miss Ewell. Were you so scared that she’d hurt you, you ran, a big buck like you?” Tom: “No suh, I’s scared I’d be in court, just like I am now.” Mr. Gilmer: “Scared of arrest, scared you’d have to face up to what you did?” Tom: “No suh, scared I’d hafta face up to what I didn’t do.”

  11. “…I’d hafta face up to what I didn’t do…” George Meadows, lynched without trial after being accused of rape in Jefferson County Alabama. January 15, 1889.

  12. “…I’d hafta face up to what I didn’t do…” Duluth, Minnesota. June 15, 1920. Three young African-American travelers were dragged from their jail cells (where they were held after being accused of raping a white woman) and lynched by a mob believed to number more than one thousand.

  13. How would you feel if you were Tom Robinson and this was your jury?

  14. "I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.” Jim Crow Laws in Alabama Alabama Governor George Wallace at his inauguration speech, 1963

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