Do Now

1. Do Now • 1. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? • 2. What kind of conditions were needed for industrialization?

2. Industrialization in the United States 1865-1900 • After the Civil War, the United States went through a period of industrialization • Big businesses were formed, such as the banks, railroads, oil and coal companies • Industrialization helped the U.S. grow, and many immigrants came to the U.S., but for workers life was very difficult

3. The Growth of Big Business1865-1900 • As businesses grew, some began to develop ways to limit competition • Carnegie Steel—founded in the 1870s by Andrew Carnegie • Steel was used for railroads and skyscrapers

4. Vertical Integration Carnegie Steel used the vertical integration strategy to create a monopoly in the steel industry Vertical integration is when a company owns all the factors of production (all the things you need to make a product) Carnegie Steel could produce steel cheaper than his competitors

5. The Growth of Big Business • Standard Oil Company—founded in the 1870s by John D. Rockefeller • Originally produced kerosene as heating oil • Today, the following companies used to make up Standard Oil: • ExxonMobil • Chevron • BP

6. Horizontal Integration Standard Oil gained a monopoly through horizontal integration Horizontal Integration is when one company buys or takes over its competition These monopolies were also known as trusts

7. Do Now Put your answers on ½ sheet of paper. You will hand this in for a quiz grade! • Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical integration. • Do you think monopolies are good or bad for America? Give examples to support your answer.

8. Social Darwinism • Many industrial leaders viewed themselves in a positive way compared to everyone else • They believed in “Social Darwinism” • This idea means that those who get wealthy are better than those who don’t • This idea justified laissez-faire capitalism

9. Robber Barons • Many industrialists, like Carnegie and Rockefeller, gained more wealth than they could ever spend • They gained wealth by cutting costs in any way possible • Low wages for workers • Poor working conditions • Unethical business practices • They often became known as “Robber Barons” because of this

10. Captains of Industry • Some industrial leaders also were known as “Captains of Industry” • Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt and others used much of their wealth to contribute to society • They were considered “philanthropists” (people who give away their money” • Vanderbilt University • Carnegie Hall • Rockefeller Center • Rockefeller donated $450 million before he died • Carnegie donated enough money for 2,500 libraries to be built

11. Do Now • 1. Explain why industrialists like Carnegie and Rockefeller would have supported the concept of Social Darwinism, while workers would have opposed it. • 2. a) Compare and contrast vertical and horizontal integration. • b) How did they lead to the creation of monopolies?

12. Gospel of Wealth • Some industrialists thought their wealth should not be left to their descendants • Andrew Carnegie wrote the “Gospel of Wealth” in 1889

13. The Rise of Labor Unions • Labor Union • A group of workers who unite to improve their wages, working conditions and benefits • They were created because of low wages and poor conditions in industry • Workers had few rights and no protection from the government

14. Labor Unions • How did labor unions get better conditions, wages, etc? • Collective bargaining • Negotiations between the owners and workers • Strikes • Boycotts • “Whether you're a union member or not, you have benefited from labor unions. They have set a national and local standard for working conditions, i.e., the 40-hour work week, the five-day work week, collective bargaining, fair grievance procedures, minimum wage, acceptable working conditions, insurance, retirement packages, sick leave, paid vacations and much more.” • --Green Bay Gazette, February 28, 2011 • List some of the benefits that all workers have gained as a result of labor unions.

15. Labor Unions • Two different types of labor unions emerged: • 1. Unskilled Unions • Unions that allowed all workers to join regardless of skill or profession • Allowed women and African-Americans • Knights of Labor • 2. Skilled Unions • Workers organized by their particular skill • Ex. Carpenters, ironworkers • The American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

16. Important Labor Strikes • Haymarket Strike 1886 • Homestead Strike 1892 • Pullman Strike 1894 • The government supported the owners, not the workers in labor disputes

17. Do Now "In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon the person's becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but an American...There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag... We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language... and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people." • 1. Do you think this quote is from • A. before the Civil War • B. after the Civil War • C. the modern day • 2. Why do you think it’s from the time period you chose above? • 3. Which group of immigrants do you think this quote is about?

18. This is a quote from Teddy Roosevelt in 1907 • Do you think the quote reflects opinion towards immigrants today?

19. For all the noise and anger that too often surrounds the immigration debate, America has nothing to fear from today’s immigrants. They have come here for the same reason that families have always come here–for the hope that in America, they could build a better life for themselves and their families. Like the waves of immigrants that came before them and the Hispanic Americans whose families have been here for generations, the recent arrival of Latino immigrants will only enrich our country • --Barack Obama

20. Immigration Immigration – when people leave their own country for a new country • Until the 1840s, most immigrants came from Northwest Europe (England, Scotland, etc) and Africa (forced because of slavery) • From the 1840s to 1860s, there were many immigrants from Ireland (largely Catholic)

21. Immigration Why did many immigrants come to the United States? Freedom Better job opportunities

22. Immigration • After the Civil War (1865-1914), millions of immigrants came to the U.S. • Many came from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, the Balkans) and Asia (China) • Many immigrants during this period experienced Nativism

23. Nativism • Nativism – discrimination by native-born Americans against immigrants • 1850’sthe Know-Nothing Party was created as an anti-immigrant political party (against Irish immigration) • Why did nativism spread? • Competition for factory jobs • Lower wages • Ethnic, cultural, and religious differences • Fear of new ideas like socialism, communism, and anarchy

24. Immigration & Big Business • Why would big business support more immigration? • More workers • Lower wages (cheap labor) • Over 12 million immigrants came to the U.S. through Ellis Island

25. Immigration Review • At the turn of the century, why did most immigrants to the United States settle in cities? • A. Jobs were readily available. • B. Government relief programs required immigrants to settle in cities. • C. Labor union leaders encouraged unrestricted immigration. • D. Immigrants were not permitted to buy farmland. • In the late 19th century, the pattern of United States immigration changed in that • A. far fewer immigrants arrived in the United States than in previous years • B. most immigrants chose to settle in the rural, farming regions of the western United States • C. increasing numbers of immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe • D. most immigrants were political refugees

26. Urbanization • Urbanization – the movement of people from the country (rural) to the cities • Why did people move to the cities? • People moved to the cities because of the abundance of factory mobs • Immigrants and farmers • Political machines develop to help immigrants adjust to life in America • Provide basic services (jobs, housing) in exchange for political support • Political machines were very corrupt as a result • Ex. Tammany Hall in NYC (Democrats)

27. Urbanization • Urbanization led to other negatives • Poor living conditions (tenement buildings) • Unsanitary conditions (no running water, or sewage systems) led to disease • Many reformers helped immigrants adjust to American life • Jane Addams (Hull House)

28. Urbanization • Create a chart that lists the positive and negative effects of urbanization in America during the Industrial Revolution