The Origin of Our Solar System Part 2

1. The Origin of Our Solar System Part 2 Aging Our Solar System

2. Starter • How would you age the solar system? What method(s) would you, or could you, use?

3. The Age of the Solar System • According to Solar Nebula Theory (SNT), the planets should be about the same age as the sun. • In order to test this, we can analyze the radioactive elements found in rocks to date them.

4. The Age of the Solar System • When a rock solidifies, it incorporates known %s of chemical elements. • Some elements have “differing forms” which we call isotopes. • Isotope - each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Therefore, they have different atomic masses but identical chemical properties.

5. The Age of the Solar System • Some are radioactive and decay into other isotopes – like our example below.

6. The Age of the Solar System • Half-Life – the time it takes for half of a radioactive substance, the parent isotope atoms, to decay into daughter isotope atoms. • The abundance of a radioactive element gradually decreases as it decays, and the abundance of daughter elements gradually increases.

7. The Age of the Solar System • There are many radioactive substances we can use. For example: • Potassium 40, half-life of 1.3 billion years. • Uranium 238 decays with a half-life of 4.5 billion years – decaying into lead 206. • Either of these radioactive substances, along with others like Rubidium 87, can be used as a radio active clock to date mineral samples.

8. The Age of the Solar System • To get radioactive age, you need to get rock samples into a laboratory. • We have samples from Earth, the moon, Mars, and meteorites. http://www.space.com/14268-rare-mars-meteorite-rocks-tissint.html. “Rare Mars Rocks Crashed to Earth in July.”

9. The Age of the Solar System • The oldest Earth rocks discovered are tiny zircon crystals from Australia. • They were formed 4.4 billion years ago. • This does not mean the Earth is 4.4 billion years old, but that the last time the zircon crystals were melted, when their radioactive clocks were reset to zero, was 4.4 billion years ago. • Earth crust is active and rocks are constantly being destroyed – thus resetting their radioactive clocks.

10. The Age of the Solar System • The zircon crystals tell us that the Earth is at least 4.4 billion years old. • They give us only a lower limit to Earth’s age.

11. The Age of the Solar System • Lunar rocks (brought to Earth by Apollo). • The moon, unlike Earth, is not geologically active. • Many of its rocks should have survived unaltered since the beginning of the solar system. • In fact, the oldest moon rocks date to 4.5 billion years ago (thus moon is at least 4.5 billion years old).

12. The Age of the Solar System A Moon Rock

13. The Age of the Solar System • Over a dozen meteorites found on Earth have been chemically identified as having come from Mars. • Most have an age of “only” about a billion years but one is approximately 4.5 billion years old. • Therefore, Mars must be at least that old.

14. The Age of the Solar System • Meteorites are our most important source for determining the solar system’s age. • Many meteorite samples have ages of 4.56 billion years old – none are older. • 4.56 billion year old (often rounded to 4.6 billion years) is the widely accepted age for the solar system.

15. The Age of the Solar System • The sun – astronomers estimate the age of the sun at 5 billion years. • This is not a radioactive date because you cannot get a sample from the sun. • Sun-age-estimates come from helioseismological observations and mathematical model of the sun’s interior. • What is helioseismology? http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/a11380.html