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Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from

Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship , Yale Law Journal (forthcoming December 2006) Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity , NYU Law Review (forthcoming December 2006)

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Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from

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  1. Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law Journal (forthcoming December 2006) Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity, NYU Law Review (forthcoming December 2006) The Achievement Gap Conference Harvard Kennedy School of Government June 19, 2006

  2. Illinois 6,479 New Jersey 8,697 ADJUSTED NOMINAL Alaska 6,474 Vermont 8,481 Kansas 7,339 New Jersey 11,793 South Dakota 6,474 New York 8,268 Iowa 7,338 New York 11,218 Montana 6,459 Wyoming 8,087 Hawaii 7,306 Connecticut 10,577 South Carolina 6,387 Connecticut 8,029 Missouri 7,135 Massachusetts 10,232 Missouri 6,334 Delaware 7,808 Vermont 9,806 Montana 7,062 Hawaii 6,271 Wisconsin 7,731 Rhode Island 9,703 Washington 7,039 Alaska 9,563 South Carolina 7,017 Kentucky 6,122 Maine 7,674 Delaware 9,284 Colorado 6,941 Colorado 6,091 Massachusetts 7,475 Maine 8,818 New Mexico 6,882 Arkansas 5,973 Maryland 7,442 Maryland 8,692 Texas 6,771 Louisiana 5,945 Nebraska 7,440 Michigan 8,653 North Dakota 6,709 North Carolina 5,866 Michigan 7,282 Wyoming 8,645 Louisiana 6,567 Texas 5,852 Rhode Island 7,158 Wisconsin 8,634 Kentucky 6,523 Washington 5,819 Pennsylvania 7,129 Pennsylvania 8,537 North Carolina 6,501 New Mexico 5,813 Iowa 7,126 Ohio 8,069 South Dakota 6,424 Oklahoma 5,647 Indiana 7,079 Illinois 7,956 Arkansas 6,276 Idaho 5,589 Kansas 7,059 New Hampshire 7,935 Oklahoma 6,229 West Virginia 7,844 Alabama 5,564 West Virginia 7,038 Florida 6,213 Nebraska 7,741 Nevada 6,079 California 5,463 Ohio 6,986 Minnesota 7,736 Alabama 6,029 Nevada 5,423 Minnesota 6,868 Indiana 7,734 Idaho 6,011 Tennessee 5,414 Georgia 6,762 Oregon 7,642 Arizona 5,964 Florida 5,338 New Hampshire 6,703 Virginia 7,496 Tennessee 5,959 Mississippi 5,010 North Dakota 6,696 California 7,434 Mississippi 5,354 Arizona 4,982 Virginia 6,630 Georgia 7,380 Utah 4,900 Utah 4,505 Oregon 6,588 Current expenditures per pupil, 2001-02

  3. Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 10th (low) 50th (med) 90th (high) Connecticut $8,855 $6,477 $7,121 North Carolina $7,004 $5,361 $5,972 Mississippi $4,391 $4,962 $5,933 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000

  4. Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 10th to 50th percentile districts

  5. * * * * Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 50th to 90th percentile districts

  6. Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02 10th to 90th percentile districts

  7. White Black Hispanic Poor LEP United States 60.1 17.0 17.0 16.3 8.3 Top third 70.2 16.2 9.4 12.4 3.9 Bottom third 49.3 16.2 27.3 17.2 13.4 K-12 student demographics, 2001-02 (percentages)

  8. 4th Grade Reading, 2005 “Best fit” line (average standards) Percent “proficient” on state test State standards = National standards National average Percent “proficient” on NAEP

  9. 4th Grade Math, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test Percent “proficient” on NAEP

  10. 8th Grade Reading, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test Percent “proficient” on NAEP

  11. 8th Grade Math, 2005 Percent “proficient” on state test Percent “proficient” on NAEP

  12. REVENUE = CAPACITY × EFFORT State/local (nonfederal) revenue per pupil State personal income (SPI) State gross product (SGP) Total taxable resources (TTR) per pupil Capacity/Revenue (cost adjustment, weighted pupils)

  13. Nonfederal revenue per pupil Capacity per pupil (TTR $000) top third 2001-02 Effort

  14. Nonfederal revenue per pupil Capacity per pupil (TTR $000) bottom third 2001-02 Effort

  15. Adjusted Nominal Capacity Capacity 0.64 0.78 0.56 0.70 Effort Effort 0.50 0.48 0.39 0.35 Correlation with state revenue per pupil, 2001-02 Measure of fiscal capacity SPI TTR

  16. Title I aid allocation = Poor children × State expenditure

  17. Nominal Adjusted % U.S. avg Nominal Adjusted % U.S. avg Wyoming 2,803 3,060 239 Georgia 1,208 1,297 101 Vermont 2,637 2,666 208 New Mexico 1,190 1,281 100 North Dakota 2,139 2,508 196 Oregon 1,226 1,269 99 South Dakota 1,716 2,010 157 Iowa 1,090 1,236 97 Maine 1,873 1,910 149 Wisconsin 1,181 1,235 97 Delaware 1,929 1,886 147 Louisiana 1,083 1,211 95 Montana 1,627 1,790 140 Mississippi 1,056 1,211 95 Massachusetts 2,048 1,747 137 Hawaii 1,205 1,208 94 New York 1,925 1,715 134 Indiana 1,127 1,205 94 Minnesota 1,582 1,612 126 Ohio 1,186 1,200 94 Kansas 1,426 1,595 125 California 1,324 1,186 93 Michigan 1,574 1,550 121 Texas 1,100 1,166 91 New Hampshire 1,588 1,515 118 Kentucky 1,037 1,160 91 Connecticut 1,742 1,513 118 North Carolina 1,039 1,133 89 Nebraska 1,340 1,512 118 Oklahoma 1,019 1,130 88 Maryland 1,527 1,496 117 Alabama 1,004 1,124 88 West Virginia 1,337 1,492 117 Tennessee 1,022 1,120 88 Rhode Island 1,590 1,442 113 Arkansas 964 1,106 86 New Jersey 1,650 1,433 112 Colorado 1,087 1,102 86 South Carolina 1,251 1,382 108 Washington 1,142 1,101 86 Missouri 1,290 1,359 106 Florida 1,027 1,074 84 Virginia 1,300 1,341 105 Utah 1,012 1,060 83 Alaska 1,697 1,339 105 Nevada 948 995 78 Pennsylvania 1,353 1,320 103 Idaho 893 971 76 Illinois 1,341 1,299 102 Arizona 936 944 74 Title I aid per eligible child, 2003

  18. Michigan 200,757 $353,000,000 North Carolina 193,358 $193,000,000 Massachusetts 109,965 $159,000,000 Oklahoma 111,985 $115,000,000 # poor children Title I aid, 2003 (cost-adjusted) Michigan gets 83% more than North Carolina Massachusetts gets 37% more than Oklahoma

  19. Policy recommendations • National standards • Federal school finance reform • Fix Title I • National foundation plan • Minimum state effort • Federal aid inversely proportional to state capacity

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