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Comprehensive Guide to Database Administration Practices and Procedures

This text provides an in-depth exploration of database administration concepts and practices, covering topics such as schema, encryption, data architecture, and database roles. It discusses the importance of data management for decision-making at all levels of an organization and the responsibilities of a database administrator. Additionally, it delves into the evolution of the DBA role, common functions, responsibilities, and the importance of end-user support. The book emphasizes the critical role of DBAs in maintaining data integrity, managing resources efficiently, and ensuring user satisfaction through effective database policies and procedures.

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Comprehensive Guide to Database Administration Practices and Procedures

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  1. Database Administration(IS4511) Sana azzam s.azzam@psau.edu.sa Text Book: Database Administration: The Complete Guide to Practices And Procedures Craig S. Mullins

  2. Course Learning Outcomes • Describe the concepts Schema, Synonyms, Encryption, Certificate, Asymmetric keys, Symmetric keys, Password security, System databases, System views, Data files, Advanced import tools, Index and Statistics. • Use data files to build the underlying data architecture. • Use asymmetric keys, symmetric keys and certificates to encrypt data & manage statistics to improve performance.

  3. Contents

  4. Evaluation System

  5. Database Administration

  6. Need for Databases • Data is used by different people, in different departments, for different reasons • Interpretation and Presentation of data in useful formats • Distribution of data and information • To the right people • At the right time • Data Preservation • Control over Data Duplication and Use

  7. Role of the Database • Primary Role: To Support Managerial Decision Making at All Levels of the Organization • Top Level  Strategic Decisions • Middle Management  Tactical Decisions • Operational Management  Daily, Operational Decisions • DBMS must provide each level a separate view of the data and support their specialized decision making roles • Provide a seamless flow of information throughout the company.

  8. Role of the Database

  9. Top Level Management • Provide information for strategic decision making, strategic planning, policy formation, and goals definitions. • Provide a framework for defining and enforcing organizational policies • Improve the likelihood of a positive return on investment for the company. Example: • Ways to reduce cost • Increase Productivity • Provide feedback on whether the company is achieving its goals.

  10. Middle Management • Provide necessary data for tactical decision making and planning • Monitor and control the use of company resources • How efficiently are the resources allocated and used (including data) • What potential or current operational problems exist • Evaluate the performance of the different departments • Provide a framework for ensuring the security and privacy of the data in the database

  11. Operational Management • Represent and support the company operations • Produce query results within set performance levels • Enhance short-term operational ability • Timely information for Customer Support • Support for application development and computer operations

  12. Special Database Considerations • Having a database does not mean the data will be use properly, efficiently, correctly • DBMS is just a tool for managing data – it must be used correctly  effective management and use • 3 Main Processes for implementing a DBMS • Technological  DBMS software and hardware • Managerial  Administrative Functions • Cultural  Corporate Resistance to Change

  13. Evolution of the DBA • Data Processing Department • Information Systems Department • Service Function to provide end users active data management support • Production Function to provide solutions to information needs (application development) • DBA – Database Administration • Size and Role varies from company to company • DBA’s function is very dynamic • Distributed Databases • Internet Databases • Object Oriented databases • Sophistication and Power of the DBMS packages

  14. Common Functions of DBA • Database Planning • Standards, procedures, enforcement • Requirements Gathering and Conceptual Design(data analysis and requirement , ER diagram and normalization, data model verification , Distributed DB) • Logical Design(Translate Conceptual Design into internal model )(design component such as table,index ,transaction) • Physical Design(selection of data storage) and Implementation • Testing and Debugging • Operations and Maintenance • Training and Support (Follows the requirements of the DBLC phases)

  15. DBA’s Managerial Role • Control and Planning Dimensions of Database Administration • Coordinating, Monitoring, and Allocating database administration resources • People • Data • Defining Goals and Formulating Strategic Plans for the Database Administration function

  16. DBA’s Responsibilities of

  17. End-User Support • User Requirements Gathering • Understanding of the users’ views and needs • Present and Future information needs • Conflict and Problem Resolution • Solutions in one department may cause problems in another • Finding Solutions to Information Needs • Ensure Quality and Integrity of Applications and Data • Build End-User Confidence • Manage the Training and Support of DBMS users

  18. Policies, Procedures, and Standards • Policies: General Statements of Direction or action that communicate and support DBA goals • Procedures: Written Instructions that describe a services of steps to be followed during the performance of a given activity • Standards: More detailed and specific than policies, and describe the minimum requirements of a DBA activity • Rules that are used to evaluate the quality of the activity

  19. Areas of Policies and Procedures • End-User database requirements gathering • Database design and modeling • Documentation and Naming conventions • Design, coding, and testing of applications • Database software selection • Database security and integrity • Database backup and recovery • Database maintenance and operation • End-user training

  20. Data Security, Privacy and Integrity • User Access Management • Define each user to the database • Assign Passwords • Assign Access Privileges • Read, Write, Delete • Physical Access Control • View Definitions: Protect and Control the Scope of the Data that is accessible to a user • DBMS utilities access control: Limit the use of query and reporting tools • DBMS usage Monitoring: Audit Logs (More difficult in distributed databases)

  21. Data Security, Privacy and Integrity

  22. Data Backup and Recovery • Disaster Management • Periodic Data and Application Backups: Full, Incremental, Concurrent • Convenient and safe backup storage • Physical protection of hardware and software • Personal Access Control to the software of a database installation. • Insurance Coverage for the data in the database

  23. Data Backup and Recovery • Recovery and Contingency plans • Tested • Evaluated • Practiced • Will Not Recover all components of an IS • Establish priorities for the nature and extend of the data recovery process

  24. Data Distribution and Use • Data is only useful when: • Given to the Right User • Right Time • Right Format • Programmers Deliver programs to access data • Time consuming for DBA • Data Distribution allows end users to access the database • Internet • Intranets • Queries, Web Front Ends • End Users may make improper use of database, data duplication, etc.

  25. DBA’s Technical Role • DBMS and its utilities, evaluation, selection and installation • Design and implementation of Database • Testing and Evaluation • Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and Applications • Training and Supporting Users • Maintenance of DBMS

  26. Evaluation, Selection, and Installation • Selection of Hardware and Software • Must be based on the Organization’s Needs • So the first step is to determine companies NEEDS

  27. DBMS Checklist The choice of the DBMS is based on: • DBMS Model • Storage Capacity • Application Development Support • Security and Integrity • Backup and Recovery • Concurrency Control • Performance • DBA tools • Interoperability and Data Distribution • Portability • Hardware • Data Dictionary • Vendor Training and Support • Third Party Tools • Cost

  28. Design and Implementation • Determination and Enforcement of Standards and Procedures • Ensure the Design activities are performed within the Standards and Procedures • Ensure Transactions are: Correct, Efficient, Compliant with Integrity and Standards • Physical Design • Operational Procedures

  29. Testing and Evaluation • All Database and End User Applications • Maintained Independently of Development and Implementation • Testing and evaluation cover: • Technical Aspects: Backup, Recovery, Security, Integrity, SQL • Observance of Standards: Naming, Documentation, Coding • Data Duplication Conflicts with existing data

  30. Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and Applications • System Support: Day-to-day activity of the DBMS • Performance monitoring and tuning • Identification of Performance Goals • Evaluate if performance Goals are being met • Isolate Problems and Find solutions • Implement solutions • Backup and Recovery • Security auditing and monitoring • Appropriate access rights • Proper use of access privileges by programmers and end users

  31. Training and Supporting Users • Technical Training in the use of DBMS • Unscheduled on-demand technical support • Interaction with DBMS vendors

  32. Maintenance of DBMS • Dedicated to the Preservation of the DBMS environment • Management of the Storage devices • Reorganizing the physical location of the data • Upgrading the DBMS and Utility Software • Maintenance is needed when the exchange of data is in dissimilar formats.

  33. Database Administration Tools • Data Dictionary • Store the Description of all objects that interact with the database • Integrated  limited to data of DBMS • Standalone  Include data outside of DBMS • Case Tools • Computer Aided Software Engineering • Automated Framework for the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). • Front-End Tools • Planning, Analysis, Design • Back-End Tools • Coding and Implementation Reduction in development time and costs Easier Maintenance of Application Systems Developed with CASE Tools

  34. Data Dictionary • Data Elements from all tables of all databases • Names, Types, Format, Validation rules, When an Element is Used and by whom • Defined databases, and properties • Tables defined in the database • Indexes defined for each table • End Users and Administrators • Programs that access the database • Access Authorizations for all users • Relationships among data elements

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