Chapter

1. 1 Chapter Information Systems in Global Business Today

2. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Menjelaskan mengapa sistem informasi sangat penting dalam bisnis saat ini. • Mendefinisikan sistem informasi baik dari teknis dan perspektif bisnis. • Mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan tiga dimensi sistem informasi.

3. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Continued) • Menilai aset pelengkap yang diperlukan untuk teknologi informasi untuk memberikan nilai bagi bisnis. • Mengidentifikasi dan menggambarkan pendekatan kontemporer terhadap studi sistem informasi dan membedakan antara melek komputer dan sistem melek informasi.

4. Masalah: Persaingan ketat dan menuntut pelanggan. Solusi: Agar Didesain ulang dan proses produksi mengurangi biaya, meningkatkan pendapatan, dan meningkatkan layanan pelanggan. Oracle E-Business Suite memungkinkan untuk membangun mobil dengan permintaan order dan perkiraan dan persyaratan produksi yang lebih akurat. Menunjukkan TI berperan dalam menganalisis tren pasar dan pemantauan kualitas, efisiensi, dan biaya. Menggambarkan munculnya lanskap perusahaan digital di mana bisnis dapat menggunakan alat untuk menganalisis data penting. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Smart Systems and Smart Ways of Working Help Toyota Become Number One

5. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today • Bagaimana sistem informasi yang mengubah bisnis • Peningkatan investasi teknologi • Peningkatan tanggap terhadap permintaan pelanggan: A "Fed-Ex" ekonomi • Pergeseran media dan periklanan • Keamanan federal yang baru dan hukum akuntansi • Peluang globalisasi • Internet telah secara drastis mengurangi biaya operasi pada skala global

6. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today Penanaman Modal TeknologiInformasi Information technology investment, defined as hardware, software, and communications equipment, grew from 34% to 50% between 1980 and 2004.Source: Based on data in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, 2006. Figure 1-1

7. Di negara berkembang, perusahaan sepenuhnya digital Hubungan bisnis yang signifikan diaktifkan digital dan dimediasi Proses bisnis inti dicapai melalui jaringan digital Aset penting perusahaan dikelola secara digital Perusahaan digital menawarkan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar dalam organisasi dan manajemen Pergeseran waktu dan ruang Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

8. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today Virtual Management at Accenture • Read the Interactive Session and then discuss the following questions: • Apa keuntungan bekerja dalam lingkungan virtual seperti yang dibuat oleh Accenture? Apa kerugiannya? • Apakah Anda ingin bekerja di perusahaan seperti Accenture? Mengapa atau mengapa tidak? Jelaskan jawaban Anda. • Apa jenis perusahaan bisa mendapatkan keuntungan dari yang dijalankan hampir seperti Accenture? Mungkinkah semua perusahaan dijalankan hampir seperti Accenture?

9. Tumbuh saling ketergantungan antara kemampuan untuk menggunakan teknologi informasi dan kemampuan untuk menerapkan strategi perusahaan dan mencapai tujuan perusahaan. Perusahaan bisnis melakukan investasi besar dalam sistem informasi untuk mencapai enam tujuan bisnis strategis: Keunggulan operasional Produk baru, jasa, dan model bisnis Pelanggan dan pemasok keintiman Peningkatan pengambilan keputusan keunggulan kompetitif kelangsungan hidup Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

10. Keunggulan Operasional : Peningkatan efisiensi untuk mencapai profitabilitas yang lebih tinggi Sistem informasi, teknologi alat penting dalam mencapai efisiensi dan produktivitas Misalnya Wal-Mart RetailLink sistem link pemasok ke toko-toko untuk sistem pengisian superior Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

11. Produk baru, jasa, dan model bisnis: Model bisnis: menggambarkan bagaimana perusahaan memproduksi, memberikan, dan menjual produk atau jasa untuk menciptakan kekayaan Sistem informasi dan teknologi utama memungkinkan alat untuk produk baru, jasa, model bisnis Misalnya Apple iPod, iTunes, dan penyewaan DVD berbasis internet Netflix Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

12. Keterkaitan Pelanggan dan pemasok : Melayani pelanggan dengan baik mengarah ke pelanggan kembali, yang menimbulkan pendapatan dan keuntungan Misalnya Hotel high-end yang menggunakan komputer untuk melacak preferensi pelanggan dan digunakan untuk memantau dan menyesuaikan lingkungan Keintiman dengan pemasok memungkinkan mereka untuk memberikan masukan penting, yang menurunkan biaya Misalnya Sistem informasi JCPenney yang menghubungkan rekor penjualan ke produsen kontrak Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

13. Peningkatan Pengambilan Keputusan Tanpa informasi yang akurat: Manajer harus menggunakan perkiraan, tebakan terbaik, keberuntungan Menghasilkan: Kelebihan produksi, rendahnya produksi barang dan jasa, Misalokasi sumber daya, Waktu respon miskin Hasil yang buruk menaikkan biaya, kehilangan pelanggan Misalnya Dashboard digital berbasis Web Verizon untuk menyediakan manajer dengan data real-time pada keluhan pelanggan, performa jaringan, pemadaman baris, dll. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

14. Keunggulan operasional: Peningkatan efisiensi untuk mencapai profitabilitas yang lebih tinggi Produk baru, jasa, dan model bisnis: Diaktifkan oleh teknologi Hubungan Pelanggan dan pemasok : Melayani pelanggan menimbulkan pendapatan dan keuntungan Komunikasi yang lebih baik dengan pemasok menurunkan biaya Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

15. Keunggulan Kompetitif Memberikan kinerja yang lebih baik Pengisian kurang untuk produk unggulan Menanggapi pelanggan dan pemasok secara real time Sering dicapai ketika perusahaan mencapai salah satu dari empat pertama keuntungan Misalnya Dell: profitabilitas konsisten lebih dari 25 tahun, Dell tetap satu produsen yang paling efisien dari PC di dunia. Namun Dell telah kehilangan sebagian dari keuntungan kepada pengikut cepat - HP Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

16. Kelangsungan hidup Teknologi informasi sebagai kebutuhan bisnis Mungkin : Industry-level changes, e.g. Citibank’s introduction of ATMs Governmental regulations requiring record-keeping E.g. Toxic Substances Control Act, Sarbannes-Oxley Act Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

17. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today The Role of Information Systems in Business Today The Interdependence Between Organizations and Information Technology There is a growing interdependence between a firm’s information systems and its business capabilities. Changes in strategy, rules, and business processes increasingly require changes in hardware, software, databases, and telecommunications. Often, what the organization would like to do depends on what its systems will permit it to do. Figure 1-2

18. Sistem Informasi: Set komponen yang saling terkait Mengumpulkan, memproses, menyimpan, dan mendistribusikan informasi Dukungan pengambilan keputusan, koordinasi, dan pengendalian Informasi vs Data Data aliran fakta-fakta mentah Informasi adalah data yang dibentuk menjadi bentuk yang berarti Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

19. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Data and Information Raw data from a supermarket checkout counter can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information, such as the total unit sales of dish detergent or the total sales revenue from dish detergent for a specific store or sales territory. Figure 1-3

20. Sistem Informasi: Tiga kegiatan organisasi menghasilkan informasi yang dibutuhkan Masukan: Menangkap data mentah dari organisasi atau lingkungan eksternal Pengolahan: Mengkonversi data mentah ke dalam bentuk yang bermakna Output: Transfer olahan informasi kepada orang atau kegiatan yang menggunakannya Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

21. Feedback: Output dikembalikan kepada anggota organisasi bisnis yang tepat untuk membantu tahap input mengevaluasi atau benar Computer/Computer program vs. information system Komputer dan perangkat lunak landasan teknis dan alat, mirip dengan bahan dan alat yang digunakan untuk membangun rumah Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

22. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Functions of an Information System An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding environment. Three basic activities—input, processing, and output—produce the information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers, competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization and its information systems. Figure 1-4

23. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Information Systems Are More Than Computers Using information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization, management, and information technology shaping the systems. An information system creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges posed by the environment. Figure 1-5

24. Organizational dimension of information systems Hierarchy of authority, responsibility Senior management Middle management Operational management Knowledge workers Data workers Production or service workers Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

25. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Levels in a Firm Business organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels: senior management, middle management, and operational management. Information systems serve each of these levels. Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle management. Figure 1-6

26. Organizational dimension of information systems (cont.) Separation of business functions Sales and marketing Human resources Finance and accounting Production and manufacturing) Unique business processes Unique business culture Organizational politics Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

27. Management dimension of information system Managers set organizational strategy for responding to business challenges In addition, managers must act creatively: Creation of new products and services Occasionally re-creating the organization Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

28. Technology dimension of information systems Computer hardware and software Data management technology Networking and telecommunications technology Networks, the Internet, intranets and extranets, World Wide Web IT infrastructure: provides platform that system is built on Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

29. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems UPS Competes Globally with Information Technology • Read the Interactive Session: Technology, and then discuss the following questions: • What are the inputs, processing, and outputs of UPS’s package tracking system? • What technologies are used by UPS? How are these technologies related to UPS’s business strategy? • What problems do UPS’s information systems solve? What would happen if these systems were not available?

30. Dimensions of UPS tracking system Organizational: Procedures for tracking packages and managing inventory and provide information Management: Monitor service levels and costs Technology: Handheld computers, bar-code scanners, networks, desktop computers, etc. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

31. Business perspective on information systems: Information system is instrument for creating value Investments in information technology will result in superior returns: Productivity increases Revenue increases Superior long-term strategic positioning Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

32. Business information value chain Raw data acquired and transformed through stages that add value to that information Value of information system determined in part by extent to which it leads to better decisions, greater efficiency, and higher profits Business perspective: Calls attention to organizational and managerial nature of information systems Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

33. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems The Business Information Value Chain From a business perspective, information systems are part of a series of value-adding activities for acquiring, transforming, and distributing information that managers can use to improve decision making, enhance organizational performance, and, ultimately, increase firm profitability. Figure 1-7

34. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Variation in Returns on Information Technology Investment Although, on average, investments in information technology produce returns far above those returned by other investments, there is considerable variation across firms. Figure 1-8

35. Investing in information technology does not guarantee good returns Considerable variation in the returns firms receive from systems investments Factors: Adopting the right business model Investing in complementary assets (organizational and management capital) Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

36. Complementary assets: Assets required to derive value from a primary investment Firms supporting technology investments with investment in complementary assets receive superior returns E.g.: invest in technology and the people to make it work properly Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

37. Complementary assets include: Organizational investments, e.g. Appropriate business model Efficient business processes Managerial investments, e.g. Incentives for management innovation Teamwork and collaborative work environments Social investments, e.g. The Internet and telecommunications infrastructure Technology standards Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems

38. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems The study of information systems deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines. Figure 1-9

39. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems • Technical approach • Emphasizes mathematically based models • Computer science, management science, operations research • Behavioral approach • Behavioral issues (strategic business integration, implementation, etc.) • Psychology, economics, sociology

40. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems • Management Information Science • Combines computer science, management science, operations research and practical orientation with behavioral issues • Four main actors • Suppliers of hardware and software • Business firms • Managers and employees • Firm’s environment (legal, social, cultural context)

41. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems • Approach of this book: Sociotechnical view • Optimal organizational performance achieved by jointly optimizing both social and technical systems used in production • Helps avoid purely technological approach

42. Management Information Systems Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today Perspectives on Information Systems A Sociotechnical Perspective on Information Systems In a sociotechnical perspective, the performance of a system is optimized when both the technology and the organization mutually adjust to one another until a satisfactory fit is obtained. Figure 1-10