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Terminals and Logistics: The Terminalization Thesis

Terminals and Logistics: The Terminalization Thesis. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Associate Professor Dept. of Global Studies & Geography Hofstra University New York, USA. Contemporary Transport Terminals. . Role and Function of Transport Terminals Technical Changes

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Terminals and Logistics: The Terminalization Thesis

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  1. Terminals and Logistics:The Terminalization Thesis Jean-Paul Rodrigue Associate Professor Dept. of Global Studies & Geography Hofstra University New York, USA

  2. Contemporary Transport Terminals  Role and Function of Transport Terminals Technical Changes Modal and Temporal Separation at Terminals Container yard, Port of Yantian, China

  3. Changing Role and Function of Transport Terminals

  4. Types of Intermodal Terminals Port Terminals Barge terminal Container sea terminal Offshore hub Rail Terminals Load center Transmodalterminal Satelliteterminal On-dock and near dock DistributionCenters Warehousing Cross-docking Transloading

  5. Technical Changes in Container Port Terminals

  6. Modal and Temporal Separation at Freight Transport Terminals Maritime Transport System Modal and Temporal Separation 1 Maritime / Barge 2 3 Buffer Road Rail 1 1 4 1- Intermodal 2- Transfer quay to truck gates 3- On dock rail 4- Transloading Inland Transport System

  7. Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp Barges Trucks Rail Deepsea services

  8. World Container Traffic, 1980-2008. Reaching Peak Growth? Adoption Acceleration Peak Growth Maturity 2010(?) - 2002-2010(?) Divergence 1992-2002 1966-1992

  9. Terminals and Added Value  Terminal Operations and Added Value Supply Chains and Added Value Trimodal Container Terminal, Willebroek, Belgium

  10. Freight Transport Terminals: Operations and Added Value

  11. Freight Terminal Hierarchy and Added Value Tier 1 Gateway Tier 2 FreightDistribution Cluster (lower …) Added Value (… higher) Tier 3 Inland Port (load center) Tier 4 Satellite Terminal

  12. Container Transloading

  13. Commodity Chains; Where Value Comes From? High Globalization R&D Sales / Service Marketing Branding Added value Distribution Design Concept Manufacturing Logistics Low Commodity chain

  14. Supply Chains, Transport Chains and Added Value Transport Chain Supply Chain Added Value Customers Customer High Upward Value Capture / Creation Market Potential How Where Distribution Efficiency Value Expansion Production Costs Value Retention Downward Low Suppliers Supplier

  15. Port Terminal Operations Inland Modes and Terminals Distribution Centers Commodity Chain The Value Capture Process along Commodity Chains Horizontal Integration Maritime Services Port Authority Port Holding Inland Port Offshore hub Port Services Port Inland Services Vertical Integration Maritime Shipping

  16. Inland Terminal Life Cycle Traffic Subsidies / Investments Planning Setting Growth Maturity Decline Profit Concept Operationsbegin Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

  17. Inland Ports: Different Stages, Different Concerns

  18. Supply Chains and their Terminalization  The Concept of Terminalization Export Flows to the Gateways The Maritime Segment Import Flows to the Hinterland Translisft crane, NS Rutherford yard, PA

  19. Unraveling the Terminalization Concept • Terminalization • Growing influence of transport terminals in the setting and operation of supply chains in terms of location, capacity and reliability.

  20. Terminalization in a Supply Chain Context Foreland (First Mile) Suppliers Bottleneck Gateway Buffer Distribution center (outbound / inbound) Inland containerized goods flow Inland non-containerized goods flow Offshore Hub Maritime container flow Gateway Port regionalization and the creation of a Regional Load Center Network Inland Terminal Extended Gate Extended Distribution Center Customers Hinterland (Last Mile)

  21. Supply Chain Terminalization: Export Flows to the Gateway • Bottleneck-derived terminalization • Containerized cargo: • Logistics zones near the gateway or in a hinterland location connected to the gateway via a multimodal transport corridor. • Distribution: • Tends to be synchronized with terminal handling capacity. Suppliers Gateway Offshore Hub Gateway Inland Terminal Customers

  22. Supply Chain Terminalization: The Maritime Segment • Buffer-derived terminalization • Intermediate facility (offshore hubs): • Transshipment, interlining or relay. • Low cost locations before entering high distribution costs areas. Suppliers Gateway Offshore Hub Gateway Inland Terminal Customers

  23. Supply Chain Terminalization: Import Flows to the Hinterland • Bottleneck and buffer-derived terminalization • Port regionalization: • Regional load center network. • Extended gate: • Development of inland terminals. • Extended distribution center: • The terminal as a warehousing unit. Suppliers Gateway Offshore Hub 1 Gateway 2 Inland Terminal 3 Customers

  24. Terminalization and Supply Chain Costs

  25. Terminalization in Practice  North America: Long Distance Rail Western Europe: Close Integration Pacific Asia: Outbound Logistics Chassis waiting to be picked, Corwith Rail Yard, Chicago

  26. The Extended Gateway of the Ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach Intra-terminal Non-local destination On-dock rail yards 16% Alameda Corridor Near-dock rail yards Non-local destination 13% Marine Terminal Rail Non-local destination Off-dock rail yards 13% Non-local destination Off-dock rail yards Transload facility 22% Warehouse Transload facility Local destination 34% Warehouse Non-local destination 2% Truck

  27. Alameda Corridor CBD UP & BNSF Railyards UP & BNSF Railyards Thruport Mid-CorridorTrench (10 miles) Port of Los Angeles Port of Long Beach Port of Long Beach Port of Los Angeles Port Cluster

  28. Monthly Container Traffic Handled by the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2008 (TEU)

  29. North American Rail System

  30. Major Rail Corridors Improved since 2000

  31. Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-2004

  32. Average Freight Train Length, United States

  33. Container Dwell Times at BNSF Rail Terminals

  34. BNSF’s Three Tier Terminal System, 2007

  35. Automated Transfer Management System for Truck-Rail Transfers

  36. Average Dwell Times at Major European Container Terminals (in days)

  37. Case Studies Europe – Rhine-Scheldt Delta Container transferium Extended gate (satellite) Initiated by POR TCT Venlo Extended gate (rail-based) for ECT/HPH

  38. Outbound Logistics: Port Regionalization Clusters in Pacific Asia Hinterland-based regionalization Foreland-based regionalization

  39. Two Major Transpacific Pendulum Routes Serviced by OOCL, 2006 (The Wal-Mart Express)

  40. Conclusion: Terminalization and the Integration of Supply Chains • Terminalization • Terminals are getting more embedded in supply chains. • Constraint or buffer. • Extended gateways and extended distribution centers. • Is there a distinct North American, European or Pacific Asian terminalization? • Due to externalities (congestion, environment) Europe shows a more advanced terminalization. • Dwell time pressures indicate a more constraining terminalization in North America. • Pacific Asia dominantly as export gateways based terminalization.

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