Welcome to Bio 203

1. Welcome to Bio 203 Anatomy and Physiology I Mrs Jamie Zellers

2. A Bit About Me • BS from UMd in Biology • BA from UMd in Secondary Education • MLS from Umd • Full-time High School Biology Teacher • 4th year being an adjunct at HCC • Taught Bio 099, Bio 100, Bio 116

3. A Bit About Me

4. Your Textbook • Learning Outcomes • Illustrations and photos • Pronunciation Guides • Checkpoint Questions • Tips & Tricks • A&P Top 100 • Clinical Notes • Did You Know? • Study Outline • Review Questions • Eponymous terms • Award Winning Graphics and Art • Tabs • Concept Links

5. Interactive Physiology CD • Animations • Quizzes • Videos

6. My A&P • MyA&P is great for lab assistance as well as a study partner • Chapter Guides and Quizzes, even practice tests • eText • Getting Ready for A&P access • Interactive Physiology access • Study Tools • Tutoring Services

7. Other Support Materials • Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body • A&P Applications Manual

8. Lab Materials • PhysioEx Version 8 CD • Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual 9th edition

9. Websites • Wendy Rapazzo’s Faculty Website • Scott Schaeffer’s Faculty Website

10. Class Supplies • 2-3” 3 Ring Binder with extra paper (Recommended one binder per Unit) • OR • Five Subject Spiral • Pencils, Pens, Colored Pencils • Index Cards • Pocket folder with brads

11. Student Learning Objectives & Academic Outcomes: Upon satisfactory completion of this course, the student will be able to: • 1. Recall and correctly use anatomical terminology and explain physiological processes clearly and accurately. (Academic Outcomes: communication, critical thinking) • 2. Compare and contrast the gross and microscopic anatomy of the organs of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Academic Outcome: critical thinking) • 3. Visually identify and recall proper spelling for major markings on bones, major skeletal muscles, as well as nervous and endocrine structures. (Academic Outcomes: communication, critical thinking)

12. Student Learning Objectives & Academic Outcomes: Upon satisfactory completion of this course, the student will be able to: • 4. Describe and summarize neurophysiology as well as the anatomy and functions of the brain, its subdivisions, the spinal cord, and special senses. (Academic Outcomes: communication, critical thinking) • 5. List, explain the function, and recognize disorders of major hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes of the skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems. (Academic Outcomes: communication, critical thinking) • 6. Describe and evaluate the physiology and maintenance of homeostasis for each of the major systems studied and apply that information in clinical examples via case studies. (Academic Outcomes: critical thinking, communication)

13. Student Learning Objectives & Academic Outcomes: Upon satisfactory completion of this course, the student will be able to: • 7. Use technology to investigate and experiment with anatomy and physiology of the human body via the use of computers and other laboratory equipment. Academic Outcome: science and technology) • 8. Procure, evaluate and summarize current information from credible sources and apply that information to the anatomy and/or physiology of the human body. (Academic Outcome: information literacy).

14. Introduction • Course Requirements & Assessment Methods:Your final grade in this course is calculated from the following:

15. Introduction • Grading Scale A = 90% or above D = 60 – 69.5% B = 80 – 89.5% F = < 59.5% C = 70 – 79.5% • *Cumulative Final Exam – the final exam for this course will be cumulative. Approximately 50% of the final exam will be on material covered throughout the course. The remaining 50% will be on material from the last unit (ANS, Endocrine, Special Senses). The exam will also consist of 20 course outcome assessment questions which will be asked on every BIO 203 final exam.

16. Introduction Note: to calculate your grade via a percentage method you simply add up the points you received, divide by the total possible and then multiply by the percentage for that assessment. For example, Suzie Student scores a 62, 75, and 82 on exams 1-3. This gives her an exam average of 73. This is multiplied by .3 (30%) to give 21.9 percentage points. (73 X .3 = 21.9). Her quiz average is an 88 which supplies an additional 13.2 percentage points(88 X .15= 13.2). She earns a 65, 56, and 60 on the lab practicals, 45 points on ADAM packets, a 30 and 15 on lab quizzes, a score of 10 on all 4 lab reports and an 8, and 9 on her journal assignments. This gives her a lab total of 328/350 possible which is a 94% laboratory grade. This comprises an additional 37.6 percentage points(94 X .40). Her grade prior to the final exam is a 72.7% (21.9 + 13.2 + 37.6). If she earns a 75% on her final (75 X .10) this gives her the remaining 7.5 percentage pointswhich results in an 80.2% or a B for the class.

17. Introduction • Study strategies crucial for success • Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions – Do not leave early • Read your lecture and laboratory assignments before going to class or lab • Devote a block of time each day to your A&P course – I recommend 2-4 hours per chapter. Review notes for 1 hour per day. • Set up a study schedule and stick to it. • Do not procrastinate! • Use study methods that best fit with your learning style.

18. Introduction • Study strategies crucial for success • Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly • As soon as you experience difficulty with the course, email me or come see me! • Attend SI or seek tutoring. SI Leader: TBA • Do extra quizzes from my website or at “My A and P place” • Find the answers to missed quiz or lab answers. Do not ask me or the person next to you!

19. Introduction BIO 099 Review

20. Basic Chemistry Review • CHNOPS • Ca- bones, membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction • K- proper membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction • Na- blood volume, membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction

21. Basic Chemistry Review • Cl-blood volume, membrane function, water absorption • Mg- enzyme cofactor • Fe- oxygen transport • I- thyroid hormones

22. pH • Concentration of H+ ions in a solution • pH scale 0-14 • A balance of H+ and OH- ions • Pure Water 7.0 • <7 acid • > 7 basic (alkaline) • Human blood- 7.35-7.45

23. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides to form glucose- which is broken down for and used for fuel • Glycogen is stored in liver and skeletal muscles • Glycogenesis- making glycogen from glucose • Glycogenolysis- breaking down glycogen to make glucose

25. Lipids • Fatty Acids can be saturated or unsaturated • Unsaturated can be omega-3 or omega-4 fatty acids • Important health implications Fatty acids and glycerol are the preferred fuel source for many tissues

27. Proteins • Most abundant macromolecule in the body • Contain CHON • Made of amino acids • 20 amino acids • Essential vs nonessential

28. Major Functions of Protein • Support • Structural Protein • Movement • Contractile Protein • Transport • Transport (carrier) • Buffering • Regulation of pH • Metabolic Regulation • Enzymes • Coordination and Control • Hormones • Defense • Antibodies

29. Enzymes are catalysts • Proteins that are not changed or used up in a reaction • Specific to a substrate • Limited by their saturation • Regulated by chemicals and hormones • Can be denatured by changes in temperature or pH

30. Nucleic Acids • Store and process genetic information • DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid • Inherited traits • Directs protein synthesis • Controls production of enzymes • Controls metabolism • RNA- ribonucleic acid • Intermediate steps in protein synthesis

31. Structure of Nucleic Acids • DNA is double stranded • RNA is single stranded • Complementary base pairing helps the DNA replicate and make corresponding RNA molecule • DNA- A-T, C-G • RNA, AUCG

32. ATP- Adenosine Tri-phosphate • Nucleotide that is used to store energy • ADP • Two phosphate groups ADP + P + Energy <- ATP ATPase- enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of ADP

33. Chemical Make Up of Cells

34. The Cell • Cells are surrounded by extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) • Plasma membrane (cell membrane) seperates cells from the ECF • Cytoplasm contains the cytosol (liquid) and organelles

35. Organelles and the Cytoplasm • Cytosol (fluid) • Dissolved materials: • nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products • High potassium/low sodium • High protein • High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat • Organelles • Structures with specific functions

36. Organelles Review

37. Organelles Review

38. Mitochondria Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) • Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP • G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvic acid net gain 2 ATP when anaerobic= lactic acid Transition Reaction: pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A

39. Mitochondria Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) • Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP • G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle): • Acetyl CoA to CO2 (in matrix) & reduced coenzymes Electron transport chain • inner mitochondrial membraneH+ ions used to make ATP

40. The Nucleus DNA • Instructions for every protein in the body • Gene • DNA instructions for one protein • Genetic code • The chemical language of DNA instructions: • sequence of bases (A, T, C, G) • Triplet code: • 3 bases = 1 amino acid

41. Cell Differentiation • All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions • Cells specialize or differentiate • To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons) • By turning off all genes not needed by that cell • All body cells, except sex cells, contain the same 46 chromosomes • Differentiation depends on which genes are active and which are inactive

42. Protein Synthesis • The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis • The nucleus contains chromosomes • Chromosomes contain DNA • DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins • Proteins determine cell structure and function

43. Protein Synthesis • Transcription • Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus) • Translation • Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm) • Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain • Processing • By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein

44. Functions of the Plasma Membrane Physical Barrier Regulates exchange • Ions and nutrients enter • Wastes eliminated and cellular products released Monitors the environment • Extracellular fluid composition • Chemical signals Structural support • Anchors cells and tissues

45. Membrane Transport • The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but • Nutrients must get in • Products and wastes must get out • Permeability determines what moves in and out of a cell, and a membrane that • Lets nothing in or out is impermeable • Lets anything pass is freely permeable • Restricts movement is selectively permeable

46. Membrane Transport • Plasma membrane is selectively permeable • Allows some materials to move freely • Restricts other materials • Selective permeability restricts materials based on • Size • Electrical charge • Molecular shape • Lipid solubility

47. Diffusion • Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration Gradient & Kinetic Energy • Solutes move down a concentration gradient until? Factors Affecting Diffusion • Distance the particle has to move • Molecule size • Temperature • Gradient size • Electrical forces

48. Tonicity • A cell in a hypotonic solution: • Gains water • Ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells) • A cell in a hypertonic solution: • Loses water • Shrinks (crenation of red blood cells)

49. Carriers and Vesicles • Carrier-Mediated Transport • Facilitated diffusion • Specificity: • Saturation limits: • Regulation:

50. Carriers Proteins • Carrier-Mediated Transport • Cotransport • Two substances move in the same direction at the same time • Countertransport • One substance moves in while another moves out