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CHEMICAL$ & Fuels from Biomass

CHEMICAL$ & Fuels from Biomass. Norm Olson P.E. Program Director, BECON Facility B iomass E nergy CON version Iowa Energy Center www.energy.iastate.edu. The Iowa Energy Center’s Mission. Broad Scope complex connections to many issues focusing on Iowa energy efficiency

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CHEMICAL$ & Fuels from Biomass

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  1. CHEMICAL$ & FuelsfromBiomass Norm Olson P.E. Program Director, BECON Facility Biomass Energy CONversion Iowa Energy Center www.energy.iastate.edu

  2. The Iowa Energy Center’s Mission • Broad Scope • complex connections to many issues • focusing on Iowa • energy efficiency • renewable energy • education • all groups • all ages • all sectors of the economy

  3. History • Created by the 1990 Iowa Energy Efficiency Act • Funded by surcharge on intrastate electric & gas sales • Conducts and sponsors demonstration, education, training and research through partnerships and competitive grants with Iowa’s colleges, universities & private non-profits

  4. Twin Pillars Alternative Fuels NH3 fuel $5.8 billion locally produced fuels $3 billion fuel production facilities # New jobs? Biorefinery $120 billion new economic output $30 billion new jobs (25%) 425,000 new jobs (manufacturing) Energy Efficiency $7.5 billion – Res., Comm., Inds. 20% savings in all buildings $1.5 billion annual savings $9 billion construction activity 64,000 person-year new jobs

  5. Demonstration/Training/Research Facilities Energy Resource Station (ERS) • energy efficient building systems • Demonstration, training and research • tours • meeting/class space

  6. Demonstration/Training/Research Facilities BECON (Biomass Energy CONversion) • renewable energy/ biomass to fuels and chemicals • demonstration and research • tours • meeting/class space

  7. World Energy Facts

  8. Oil Experts See Supply Crisis in Five Years International Energy Agency July 10, 2007

  9. April 27, 2007 172 Militants Planning Attack on Oil Fields Arrested in Saudi Arabia Friday, April 27, 2007

  10. Crude Oil Reserves

  11. World Crude Oil Reserves Jan 2007 1,317.4 billion barrels 7,749 quads (Coal: 22,171 quads) (NG: 5.500 quads) OPEC Share (68%) Compiled from “Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production,” Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 104, No. 47 (December 18, 2006), pp. 24-25.

  12. Natural Gas Reserves AP updated 9:26 a.m. CT, Wed., Jan. 7, 2009 KIEV, Ukraine - Russia shut off all gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine on Wednesday — leaving more than a dozen countries scrambling to cope during a winter cold snap. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin publicly endorsed the move and urged that international observers be brought into the energy dispute.

  13. (3.3%) World Total: 5500 Tcf, 5500 quads (Petroleum: 7749 quads) (Coal: 22,171 quads) Source: PetroStrategies, Inc.

  14. Coal Reserves

  15. World Recoverable Coal Reserves, Jan 2003 997.7 billion short tons 22,171 quads Oil: 7,749 quads NG: 5.500 quads Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development USDoE - EIA, unpublished data, Coal Reserves Database (April 2007). World Energy Council, 2004 Survey of Energy Resources, Eds. J. Trinnaman and A. Clarke (London, UK: Elsevier, December 2004).

  16. Enough Biomass? 2002 Consumption Quads Petroleum 38.11 Natural Gas 23.37 Coal 22.18 Nuclear 8.15 Renewable 5.25 Corn potential (including stalk, 10 bil. bu.) 8.40

  17. The Ideal Alternative Fuel • Can be produced from any raw energy source (i.e. wind, solar, biomass, coal, nuclear, hydro etc.) • Is cost effective • Has significant storage and delivery systems already in place • Is environmentally friendly • Can be used in any prime mover (i.e. diesel engines, fuel cells, SI engines, gas turbines, etc.) • Has a proven, acceptable safety record • Produced in the U.S.

  18. Ammonia Basics 1 • Ammonia (NH3) can be produced from any raw energy source, including all fossil, renewable and nuclear sources. • Ammonia is cost competitive with gasoline as a transportation fuel • Ammonia has extensive, worldwide transportation and storage infrastructure already in place • Ammonia is very environmentally friendly when used as a transportation fuel and produces only N2 and H20 at the tailpipe with low-cost emissions controls. • Ammonia has been successfully demonstrated in SI engines, CI engines, and fuel cells.

  19. Ammonia Basics 2 • High U.S. cost is due to high cost of U.S. natural gas • The U.S. imported over 50% of it’s nitrogen fertilizer for the first time in 2004 • Ammonia high cost partially due to highly seasonal nature of use (inefficient use of infrastructure) • Ammonia has been produced from coal in Beulah, North Dakota for decades. China has huge coal to ammonia capacity.

  20. Dakota Gasification Over 20 years of producing natural gas, ammonia and other valuable chemicals from US coal. Al Lukes - $4.50 Nat. Gas from new coal gasification plants.

  21. Fuel Costs • June 2003 Chemical Market Reporter* $/MMBtu • Ammonia - $200/metric ton* $10.01 • Gasoline - $1.20/gallon $10.52 • Methanol - $0.79/gallon* $13.68 • Ammonia - $270/short ton $14.86 • Ethanol - $1.25/gallon* ($2.70, 9/05) $16.44 • Gasoline - $2.00/gallon $17.54 • Wind - $0.035/kwh x 2 (electrolyzer) $20.51 • Gasoline - $2.50/gallon $21.92 • Ethanol - $2.70/gallon (9/05) $35.51

  22. Stationary Power Fertilizer Transportation Future Compatibility Hydrogen + Nitrogen Ammonia Storage & Delivery – Pipeline, Barge, Truck, Rail

  23. Ammonia Pipeline

  24. Ammonia Storage & Transport

  25. Freedom Car Targets w/ 2005 NH3 Comparison 2005 Parameter Units 2007 2010 2015 NH3 Spec. Energy kWh/kg 1.5 2 3 3.0 Energy Density kWh/L 1.2 1.5 2.7 2.7 Storage Cost $/kWh 6 4 2 3.1 Fuel Cost $/gal. Gas equiv 3 1.5 1.5 1.7* *$280/ton ammonia

  26. High “energy density” in ammonia and ammonia solutions

  27. Economic Impacts Petroleum Imports (2003): ~ 13 million bpd = $118 b/year @ $25/bbl, $236 @ $50, $354 b@$75, $472 b @$100 2006 U.S. Trade Deficit - $763 billion 2003 Gasoline Consumption – 8,756,000 bbl/day 15.3 x 1015 Btu/year = 850 million ton/year ammonia 1250 new plants @ 650,000 ton/year each $562 billion investment @ $450 million/plant 375,000 new jobs $5 billion new tax revenue/year (employees only)

  28. Back to BECON

  29. BECON

  30. The Ideal Biomass System • Soil tilth improved – no erosion loss, increased soil organic carbon content • Nutrients and micronutrients returned to soil • Fertilizer made from plant residue in same field • Use of currently available planting, harvesting storage techniques • No fossil fuel use • Cost effective • Local economic development • Biorefinery concept – multiple products (food, chemicals, fuel additives) energy efficient, low air/water emissions, low water use

  31. Ideal Annual Crop System – Silage Harvest

  32. Ideal Annual Crop System – Silage Storage

  33. Ideal Annual Crop System – Cover Crop www.leopold.iastate.edu/.../cover.htm Wisconsin

  34. Ideal Annual Crop System – Processing Local Processing – All nutrients (PKN, micronutrients) returned to soil. Closed loop.

  35. Nutrients

  36. Outreach • A cooperative education/training agreement, led by DMACC, has been developed with all 15 Iowa Community Colleges • Nearly 8000 people have either toured BECON or heard the BECON presentation since 1999. • Visitors from most states and over 30 foreign countries • BECON is a National Biodiesel Training Center • Numerous state and Federal legislators, Presidential candidates and former U.S. President George Bush have visited BECON

  37. Conversion Systems Biomass Conversion Systems Feedstock Processing Biological Conversion Thermochemical Conversion

  38. Anaerobic Digestion/Composting High Solids Unit (Composting) Feedstock Processing Methane to Engine Generator Or Ammonia Low Solids Unit Scrubber

  39. Alcohol Production II yeast High-sugar energy crop 2C2H50H+ 2CO2 C6H1206 enzymes Local Processing Center Harvest, acidification, & inoculation Distillation Ethanol Drying/Vapor Recovery Multi-farm Storage & Fermentation Residue Saleable By-product

  40. Gasification Scrubber Syn-gas Feedstock Processing To Engine Generator Gasifier To Ash Disposal

  41. Pyrolysis Feedstock Processing Pyrolysis Refining Waste Disposal Syn-oil Bio-Chemicals

  42. Biodiesel Production Chemical Reactor Vegetable Oils Alcohol Biodiesel Glycerin catalyst Vegetable Oils + Alcohol Biodiesel + Glycerin

  43. Supercritical Fluids Biomass High Pressure Reactor High Pressure Fluid Product

  44. Supercritical Fluid Chart

  45. Combined Systems Fermentation Unit Dairy Facility Greenhouse Anaerobic Digestion Unit CO2 Heat Electricity Fuel Cell Unit

  46. Iowa Biorefinery

  47. Bio-Refinery Model

  48. MGP - Lakota

  49. Biomass Feedstocks • Agricultural Residues • Food Processing Wastes • Livestock Production Wastes • Municipal Solid Waste • Obsolete Seed Corn • Wood Waste

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