LATE 19 TH CENTURY U.S. FOREIGN POLICY & IMPERIALISM

1. LATE 19TH CENTURY U.S. FOREIGN POLICY & IMPERIALISM Unit VD AP United States History

2. Fundamental Question • To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

3. U.S. Foreign Policy (1789-1850) • Washington’s Farewell Address • Avoid permanent alliances, but defend American interests • Jefferson’s Empire of Liberty • Model of republicanism and democracy • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Monroe Doctrine • Prevention of European intervention in Western Hemisphere • Manifest Destiny • Adams-Onis Treaty • Webster-Ashburton Treaty • Oregon Territory • Texas • Mexican-American War – Mexican Cession • Limited Involvement • Domestic economic expansion • Protective tariffs • Economic dependency on European powers • Immigration • Mass wave during 1830s-1840s

4. U.S. Foreign Policy During Sectionalism (1850-1860) • Zachary Taylor (W) • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) • Neutrality of possible Nicaragua canal • Millard Fillmore (W) • Pursued Asian markets • Franklin Pierce (D) • Gadsden Purchase (1853) • Perry Expedition (1853-1854) • Encourage trade and diplomatic relations with Japan • Convention of Kanagawa (1854) • James Buchanan (D) • Limited foreign affairs due to onset of Civil War

5. William Seward • Secretary of State (1861-1869) • Under Lincoln and Johnson • Trent Affair (1861) • France and Mexico • Alaska Purchase (1867) • $7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586,412 sq. mi. • “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” • Eventual discovery of gold and oil reserves • Burlingame Treaty (1868) • Most favored nation status with China

6. James G. Blaine • Secretary of State (1881, 1889-1892) • Under Garfield and Harrison • Expansionist • Latin America • Pan-American Conference (1889) • Assert American influence and free trade • Limit or prevent European intervention

7. Hawaii • White Intrusion • Sugar Plantation Owners • Queen Liliuokalani • Attempted to reassert native authority and drive out foreigners • Overthrow of Hawaii (1893) • Sanford Dole • Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898) • Annexation by U.S. (1898) • Strategic commercial and military location

8. Why Hawaii?

9. Spanish-American War (1898) • Origins and Causes • Cuba • Jose Marti • Reconcentrado • DeLome Letter • Spanish diplomat ridicules McKinley • U.S.S. Maine(Feb. 15) • 266 deaths • “Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!” • Yellow Journalism • Joseph Pulitzer • William Randolph Hearst • Declaration of War (Apr. 21) • Teller Amendment • U.S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation

10. Spanish-American War (1898)Caribbean Theater • Cuba • Battle of San Juan Hill • Significant American victory • Battle of Santiago de Cuba • Destruction of Spanish fleet • Puerto Rico • Rough Riders • Volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt • Earned fame from Battle of San Juan Hill • Yellow Fever • 75% of American forces affected • Walter Reed proves mosquito transmission

11. Spanish-American War (1898)Pacific Theater • Philippines • Battle of Manila Bay • Destruction of Spanish fleet • Emilio Aguinaldo • Led rebellion forces against Spanish rule • Declared independence

12. Spanish-American War (1898) • “A splendid little war.” • Treaty of Paris • American Acquisitions • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines • Cuba • American military occupation (1898-1902) • Platt Amendment (1901) • Treaties required American approval • Guantanamo Bay

14. Proponents Most from GOP Theodore Roosevelt (R) John Hay (R) James G. Blaine (R) Reasons Economic expansion Political security International prestige Humanitarian efforts Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890) Social Darwinism Jingoism “White Man’s Burden” Insular Cases (1901-1903) Supreme Court ruled constitutional guarantees granted only by Congress to U.S. territories “Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag” Opponents Mostly from Democratic Party Anti-Imperialist League Grover Cleveland (D) William Jennings Bryan (D) Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC) Samuel Gompers (AFL) Mark Twain Andrew Carnegie Jane Addams Reasons Undemocratic Violated republicanism “consent of the governed” Prevent influx of “inferior races” Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists

17. The Philippines • Philippine-American War (1899-1902) • Atrocities • Torture by both sides • Concentration camps • Casualties • 12,000-20,000 Filipinos • 4,165 Americans • 200,000-1,000,000 Filipino civilians • Americanization • Freedom of religion • English as official language

18. China • Open Door Policy • Secretary of State John Hay • Spheres of influence • Mutual economic policies among foreign powers • Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) • Eight-Nation Alliance against Chinese nationalists • Severely weakened Qing Dynasty

19. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Big Stick Policy • The Americas • Roosevelt Corollary • Unstable economies in Venezuela and Dominican Republican enticed direct European influence • U.S. right to intervene if: • Incapable of protecting American interests • Stabilize economies to prevent European influence • Panama Canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) • Panamanian Revolution (1903) • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) • Panama Canal opened 1914 • Asian Policy • Treaty of Portsmouth (1904) • “Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907) • Great White Fleet (1907-1909) • Demonstrate U.S. naval power and prestige

21. William Howard Taft (1909-1913)Dollar Diplomacy • Encourage economic development infrastructure in Latin America and abroad • Administration of loans and financing • Railroad investments in China • Lodge Corollary (1912) • Henry Cabot Lodge • Forbade ANY foreign acquisition in Western Hemisphere

22. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Moral Diplomacy • Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic governments • Despite military intervention in Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Mexico • Mexico Revolution • Tampico Affair (1914) • Pancho Villa Expedition (1916-1917) • General John J. Pershing • Jones Acts • Democratic policies for Philippines (1916) • U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico (1917) • World War I • Fourteen Points