SO FAR IN HISTORY…

1. SO FAR IN HISTORY…

2. NEW FRANCE First Nations people vs. The French • The French colonize North America, they work with the native people for a short time but in the end the native people get a raw deal.

3. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA • The French vs. The British The Seven Year War resulted in all French land possession in North America becoming British

4. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA • The British vs. The Americans (aka The Thirteen Colonies) • The colonists rebelled against the British in what became known as the American Revolution (Quebec and Nova Scotia stayed out of it). • You were either a Loyalist (for Britain) or a Patriot (against Britain) • The colonists won their independence combining to become the United States of America.

5. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA • The War of 1812 The United States didn’t think Britain was taking them serious as a country. • serious face • …so they declared war

6. The Thing is… • The War of 1812 was not lost or won. There was no winner. The War of 1812 has been called “the war that nobody won”.

7. NOW THE STORY CONTINUES… WITH CONFLICT AND CHANGE • Although Quebec ( aka Upper Canada and Lower Canada) stayed out of the American Revolution conflicts, it too went through change.

8. REWIND, WHY WAS QUEBEC SPLIT INTO UPPER CANADA AND LOWER CANADA • *Remember, even though the colonists in Quebec didn’t join in the American Revolution they also were not happy with British rule. • SO???? • Loyalists were forced out of American territories after the American Revolution and some were relocated to Quebec. Since many Quebecers weren’t on the same page as they Loyalist they couldn’t exactly find a way to live in harmony.

9. Upper Canada and Lower Canada • In 1791 the British Parliament enacted the Constitutional Act, whereby Quebec was split into the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Each of these was to be governed by a legislative council (appointed), and a legislative assembly, elected by the people.

10. BACK TO CONFLICT AND CHANGE • Unhappy face • The constitutional act of • 1791 that gave Quebecers (Upper and Lower Canada) a legislative assembly elected by the people was no longer enough. In 1837 there was rebellion in Upper and Lower Canada!

11. REBELLIONS OF 1837

12. Rebellion of 1837 video highlights • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3oFDUBuRoQ Québec History 19 - The Patriots Rebellion 1837 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsFTtYwzulU&feature=related Québec History 20 - The End of the Rebellion

13. IN LOWER CANADA… • There were three major groups with special concerns they wanted the government to recognize. • Group1: Habitants -were anxious over the scarcity of land and poor economic conditions. They were French-speakers, and English speaking newcomers made them fear losing their language and culture.

14. IN LOWER CANADA cont’d • Group 2: Merchants -wanted improvements, such as harbours, canals, and roads. • Group 3: Professional Men -These men dreamt of and spoke of a separate French-Canadian nation (they formed the “PartiCanadien”). They saw the British as a cultural threat.

15. So in a nutshell • The French-speaking people and the English speaking merchants wanted different things for Lower Canada. Plus with immigration (from Great Britain) and the largely French-speaking legislative assembly having to run the laws they wanted to pass through English speakers, they started feeling overshadowed.

16. ARMED REBELLION IN LOWER CANADA • Lead by a man named Louis-Joseph Papineau, French-speaking professionals, merchants, farmers, labourers and craftsmen began an armed rebellion against the British. • The rebellion in Lower Canada lasted only a few weeks. In the end, 12 of the rebels were hanged and 58 were sent in chains to a prison colony in Australia.

17. ARMED REBELLION IN LOWER CANADA • Papineau and others who had fled to the United States were sentenced to be executed if they returned to the Canadas.

18. MEANWHILE IN UPPER CANADA… • The issues were political • As in Lower Canada, the elected Legislative Assembly had limited power (the people’s government). Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly had to be approved by the Legislative Council and the lieutenant-governor.

19. POLITICAL UNREST: THE MAJOR PLAYERS • Family Compact • -were members of the Executive Council • -could veto or stop any bills passed by the Legislative Assembly • -claimed that those who had not proven their loyalty to Britain by Fighting against the Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution and the war of 1812 were not true Upper Canadians

20. POLITICAL UNREST: THE MAJOR PLAYERS • The Reformers • -opposed the power of the Family Compact • -wanted changes in the government and society of Upper Canada • Reformers • not • Transformers

21. POLITICAL UNREST: THE MAJOR PLAYERS • Sir Francis Bond Head (The lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada) • -After Francis ignored advice from reformers they decided he could not be trusted. • -Francis formerly friends with reformers jumped ship and backed up the family compact.

22. ARMED REBELLION IN UPPER CANADA • William Lyon Mackenzie a reformer took advantage of the political unrest. He began to ride around the country side stirring up people against the government • He organized a group called the radicals, they wanted Upper Canada to have a government like the Americans had in the United States

23. ARMED REBELLION IN UPPER CANADA cont’d • The radicals made small gains. Mackenzie was eventually arrested for breaking the legal neutrality between the Province of Canada and the United States and was imprisoned for 11 months. • Two other rebels, Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, were hanged on April 12, 1838 for the crime of treason (being a traitor).

24. AFTERMATH OF THE REBELLIONS • After the rebellion, Lower Canada was somewhat worse off than before. The colony’s Legislative Assembly was suspended until 1841, and the governor and Special Council ruled. • In Upper Canada, people were afraid to speak out because even moderate reformers were branded rebels.

25. SOLUTIONS • The British government was shocked by the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. The prime minister sent Lord Durham to take over as governor general. Lord Durham was told to investigate the causes of the rebellions and suggest solutions to the problems.

26. THE DURHAM REPORT • Durham made two major recommendations in his report • 1. The two colonies of Upper and Lower Canada should become one colony called the United Province of Canada. • 2. The new united colony should have responsible government.

27. YOUR TASK • 1)Choose one of the following groups to identify with (try to see from their perspective) • Habitants • Merchants • Professional Men • Radicals

28. YOUR TASK cont’d • 2)Write a short paragraph explaining why you do or do not understand their decision to rebel. You must make one of the following types of connections: • Text-to-text • Text-to-self • Text-to-work • ***Don’t forget to explain how your connection helps you better understand the decision to rebel****

29. SLIDE SHOW SOUNDTRACK • 1) Wil.i.am “ T.H.E (The Hardest Ever)” instrumental • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFVSounqKEU