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Building Construction Deficiencies and Solutions: A Comprehensive Guide

Learn to identify common building construction faults and deficiencies, and find solutions to improve quality, aesthetics, and functionality. Understand national building regulations, design considerations, and steps for creating a good building.

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Building Construction Deficiencies and Solutions: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & SOME PROVISIONS OF N B C (SP-7)

  2. DEFICIENCIES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION • SITE AND LAYOUT FAULTS – Orientation, internal layout . • DO NOT MEET FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT – Leaking Roofs, Drainage from Bathrooms • POOR MATERIAL- Brick, Wood, Toilet fittings • POOR FINISH e.g. Polishing not done; splashes of distemper on windows, dado etc. • POOR AESTHETICS • Walls out of plumb • Pipe Line • Drainage • POOR DETAILING, EXECUTION OF UNNECESSARY WORK. • POOR MAINTAINABILITY

  3. PROBLEMS AT STATIONS • Functional inadequacies • No Master Plan hencehaphazard development – piecemeal construction, ‘dirty’ gap in between structures • Poor Finish • Lacking in Aesthetics • Material / Fittings Requiring Frequent Maintenance, selection of material for places of heavy use

  4. REASONS • Lack of knowledge • Lack of application • Lack of concern “SAB CHALTA HAI” • Inadequate supervision at Officers’ Level • Inadequate supervision at Supervisors’ Level • How to improve • Quality consciousness – Set Standards. • Effectiveness of inspections • Inspection/Testing Facilities • Training

  5. STEPS TO A GOOD BUILDING • Good Building plan • Orientation • Layout • Proper Structural Design with aesthetics angle • Good Drainage Plan • Appropriate Plinth level • Proper Selection of Construction Material • Quality in Construction -Adhere to specifications and quality at all stages with respect to • Material &, • Process

  6. STEPS TO A GOOD BUILDING (contd..) • Ensure Standard Architectural and Functional Dimensions/Clearances • Take special care of: • Anti-termite treatment • Damp proof course • Damp proofing of wet areas • Water proofing of roof / terrace.

  7. BUILDING DESIGN :FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS OBJECTIVES OF BUILDING PLAN: • Optimum utilisation of available space • Most comfortable combination of environmental features (temperature, ventilation, natural lighting) • Arrangement of rooms, doors and windows to provide comfortable living, security and privacy.

  8. GENERAL BUILDING REGULATIONS • National building code of India (SP:7 – 2005) ISI entrusted by planning commission to prepare NBC (1965) • First version published in 1970 • Revised in 1983 referred as SP:7 – 1983 • Three major amendments were issued, two in 1987 and the third in 1997 • Revised NBC has now been brought out as national building code of India 2005 (NBC 2005). • Regulations enforced by ministry of urban development • Byelaws of local bodies.

  9. CONTENTS OF NBC 2005 • PART 0-- INTEGRATED APPROACH - PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE • PART 1-- DEFINITIONS • PART 2--ADMINISTRATION • PART 3-- DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS • PART 4-- FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY • PART 5-- BUILDING MATERIALS

  10. PART 6-- STRUCTURAL DESIGN Section 1-- Loads, Forces and Effects Section 2 Soils and Foundations Section 3-- Timber and Bamboo 3A-- Timber 3B-- Bamboo Section 4– Masonry Section 5 Concrete 5A --Plain and Reinforced Concrete 5B --Prestressed Concrete Section 6 -- Steel Section 7 -- Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite Construction 7A --Prefabricated Concrete 7B --Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction

  11. PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY • PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations Section 3 Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical VentilationSection 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators • PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (including • Solid Waste Management)Section 2 Gas Supply • PART 10 LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURESSection 1 Landscape Planning and Design Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

  12. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS • Creation of Indoor Thermal Environment conducive to comfortable living -Supply of Air for air circulation and replacement of vitiated air • Convenient Living and Working –functional requirements • Privacy for specific tasks • Protection from natural and manmade troubles

  13. REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS (GENERAL) • PLINTH LEVEL • Should ensure drainage away from building • Higher than surrounding G. Level by atleast 45 cms. • LIFTS – Must if building height is more than 15 m. • Min distance between buildings: 6.0 m • FIRE PROTECTION • IS:1643 – 1988; NBC 2005 Part IV • Mandatory requirements for fire protection if height of building exceeds 15 m. • LIGHTENING PROTECTION • EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION • RAINWATER HARVESTING

  14. OPEN SPACES • Every room intended for human habitation should abut on an interior or exterior open space or an open verandah. • The open spaces inside and around a building to cater for the lighting and ventilation requirements.

  15. FRONT OPEN SPACES • The front space should be as per bye-laws of area or following: Width of street (in m)Front Open Space (in m) Upto 7.5 (*) 1.5 (*) 7.5 to 18 3.0 18 to 30 4.5 Above 30 6.0 (*) (1) For buildings upto a height of 7 m (2) For streets less than 7.5 m in width, the building line should be atleast 5 m from the centre line of street.

  16. OPEN SPACES • REAR OPEN SPACE : • Average width of 3.0 m and not less than 1.8 m at any place. For plots of depth less than 9.0 m and for building up-to 7 m height, the rear open space can be reduced to 1.5 m. • SIDE OPEN SPACE • For detached buildings min 3.0 m side space should be provided. In case of plots with frontage less than 9 m and buildings up-to 7 m height, the side open space can be reduced to 1.5 m . • For row type buildings, no side open space is required.

  17. OPENINGS FOR LIGHT & VENTILATION • Should not be less than • 1/10 of floor area for dry hot climate • 1/6 of floor area for wet hot climate • 1/8 of floor area for intermediate climate • 1/12 of floor area for cold climate • No portion of a room will be considered lighted if it is more than 7.5 m away from opening • Increase the area by 25% for kitchen.

  18. REQUIREMENTS OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS • HABITAT ROOMS • Height of Human Habitation should not be less than 3.00m (NBC:2.75 m) • Minimum Clear Headroom under a beam or AC Duct or false ceiling should not be less than 2.4m • For educational building minimum ceiling height is 3.6 m (3 m in cold areas if air conditioned) • Minimum area of habitat room should be 9.5 m2(NBC:7.5 m 2)with minimum width of 2.4m(NBC:2.1 m). • Min Ventilation: 1/8 of carpet area

  19. REQUIREMENT OF PART OF BUILDINGS • KITCHEN • Minimum height – 2.75 m • Minimum area – 5.0 m2 (4.5 m2 if separate store provided) • Minimum width : 1.8 m • Minimum ventilation : 1.0 sq.m. • Means of washing of utensils • Impermeable floor • Window/Ventilator of adequate size.

  20. REQUIREMENTS OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS BATHROOMS AND WATER CLOSETS • Minimum Height of Bathroom – 2.0 m • Minimum size of bathroom 1.5 m x 1.2 m • Minimum floor area of water closet – 1.1 m2 • Minimum width of water closet – 0.9 m • If bath & water closet are combined : • Minimum area – 2.8 m2 ;Minimum width – 1.2 m • One wall should open to external airy area • Window/ventilator of atleast 0.3 m2 • Impervious floor and walls upto 1 m height • Normally not above any room other than bath, water closet, washing place, terrace.

  21. REQUIREMENT OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS • BASEMENT • Minimum height : 2.4 m • Height of ceiling of basement not less than 0.9m and not more than 1.2 m above surrounding ground level • Surface drainage not to enter the basement • Adequate ventilation; mechanical ventilation if required • Adequate damp-proofing treatment. Walls and floors to be water tight • Separate access to basement.

  22. STAIRCASE Minimum width Residential buildings – 1.0 m Assembly buildings – 1.5 m Educational buildings – 1.5 m Institutional buildings – 2.0 m (Hospital etc.) Minimum width of tread(cm) Residential buildings – 25 Other buildings – 30 Maximum ht of riser(cm) Residential buildings –19 Other buildings – 15 Maximum 15 risers per flight Minimum head room : 2.2m. REQUIREMENT OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS

  23. REQUIREMENTS OF PARTS OF BUILDING • GARAGE • Minimum height : 2.4 m • Minimum size : 2.5 x 5.0 m • STORE ROOM • Minimum height : 2.2 m • Minimum size : 3.0 m2 • PASSAGE- Min Width : 1.0 m • PARAPET • Minimum Ht : 1.05 m • Maximum Ht :1.20 m (IRWM) • WEATHERSHED • Minimum projection : 0.6 m.

  24. STANDARD HEIGHTS FOR FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS

  25. STANDARD HEIGHTS FOR FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS( Contd …)

  26. STANDARD HEIGHTS FOR FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS

  27. STANDARD DIMENSIONS/CLEARANCES FOR FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS

  28. MINIMUM SPACE REQUIREMENTS IN BUILDINGS

  29. STANDARD SIZES OF DOOR

  30. RECOMMENDED SIZE OF DOOR • External door – 1200 x 2000 mm (4’-0” x 6’-6”) • Internal door for bedroom or living room – 1000 x 2000 mm (3’-3” x 6’-6”) or 900 x 2000 mm(3’ x 6’-6”) • Bathroom and 800 x 2000 mm ( 2’8” x 6’-6”) Kitchen

  31. STANDARD SIZE OF WINDOWS

  32. RECOMMENDED HEIGHT OF WINDOW SILL

  33. PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM • Drainage system should permit easy cleaning in case of blockade or repair in case of leakage • Should prevent access of foul gases to the building and provide for escape • High quality sewer pipes should be used • Safe against air lock siphonage, proneness to obstruction, deposit and damage • Lateral sewer should not overflow at the time of maximum discharge • Storm water should not mix with house sewage • Layout should be simple, direct and laid in straight lines • Drain to be laid under buildings only if a unavoidable

  34. PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM • Size and shape to be decided considering • Ground slope of a nearby area • Catchment area • Maximum discharge • Self cleaning velocity at min. flow • Sufficient freeboard at max. flow. • Use corrosion resistant material • Drain should be laid straight between man holes

  35. PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM • Outfall level to be sufficiently higher than water level in public sewer • House sewer to be disconnected from public sewer by provision of intercepting trap • Slopes for self cleaning velocity : • 10 cm pipe – 1 in 40 • 15 cm pipe – 1 in 60 • 25 cm pipe – 1 in 90 • System should be well ventilated.

  36. WATER PROOFING OF FLAT ROOFS : BASIC REQUIREMENT • Provision of adequate slope : 1in 100 or steeper • Provision of adequate openings (IS:2527 – 1984) • Spacing of outlet pipes : 6 m • Size of pipes : depending upon average rate of rainfall and roof area (Ref. Works Manual page 44 – Table 1) • Proper detailing at junction of roof with parapet wall • Works Manual page 46 fig. 1 • Expansion joints • Joint to be filled with non-absorbing, compressible, non-brittle, water tight sealant (IS 3414, IS 1838, IS 1834)

  37. MEASURE TO PREVENT ROOF LEAKAGE IN NEW CONSTRUCTION • Extend roof beyond supporting walls by 30 cms. • Satisfy basic requirement for waterproof roof. • Apply water proofing treatment suitable for climatic conditions and accessibility to roof. • Ensure quality of concreting and terracing.

  38. ADDITIONAL PRECAUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION • Building Plan should give details of terracing, water proofing system with details of joint with parapet wall, sunken floor and down water pipes. • No air bubbles between under lying surface and waterproofing layer. Adequate overlap for water proofing layers including cover up-to parapet wall. • Proper sealing of area around the water sprouts • Impermeable layer/coating should not be provided on both faces of walls.

  39. ADDITIONAL PRECAUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION • Impermeable finish or waterproof finish should not be applied on wet walls • Proper drip course on parapet wall copings, sun-shades, chajjas • Proper damp proofing of sunken floors • Joints of WC Pan and traps to be sealed with epoxy putty • Joints in tiles in floors of toilets and bathrooms to be sealed with polymer based sealant

  40. DESIRED PROPERTIES OF WATER PROOFING SYSTEM • Should be impermeable or have very low permeability • Should have strong adhesion with sub-strata • Should be sufficiently elastic to withstand expansion and contraction of sub-strata due to temperature fluctuations

  41. DESIRED PROPERTIES OF WATER PROOFING SYSTEM • Should have high resistance to abrasion and cracking • Should be resistant to ultra violet rays • SHOULD BE BREATHABLE i.e. Permit vapour transmission • Application should be easy • Should be durable

  42. THANKS

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