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Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources PPR

Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources PPR. PPR - maladjustment between resources and population. > P < R = maladjustment < P > R = inefficient resource utilization P= R = sustaining. How PPR occur in the given environment?. 1. Population growth over time

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Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources PPR

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  1. Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources PPR PPR - maladjustment between resources and population. > P < R = maladjustment < P > R = inefficient resource utilization P= R = sustaining

  2. How PPR occur in the given environment? • 1. Population growth over time • when the volume of consumption (C) is greater than the rate of • of production of resources(R) • a community will be able to enjoy an acceptable living standard • if the C< P • Resource utilization is increasing with rapid population growth

  3. 2. Fluctuation in the economy • Economic growth is determined by an increase in the community • wealth through GNP • A country can only support a given number of people if the • resource base of the country is large enough to cater for the • various needs of the community • In time of economic depression, the carrying capacity is being • stretched to the fullest, hence PPR will set in • The country wealth is reduced and the resources in the community • are in near depletion due to limited stock available • If the GNP increased through better trade balance and surplus • earning is created,economic prosperity is ensured and PPR never set • in, people can enjoy high SOL

  4. 3. Change in expectation of the community What is expectation? Change in lifestyles as a result of western influence. This eventually leads to greater need for quality life, which subsequently can lead to greater demand for scarce resources > E, < R , > P = PPR

  5. Regional & National variations of PPR • PPR varies within a country or between countries • Disparity of economic growth that encompassed PPR can occur • even in a country with homogeneous( similar) economic system • The existence of PPR can be determined by analyzing the • proportions of each region/country’s population suffering from • particular social or economic deficiencies • Drewnowski , a social scientist had identified 3 indicies • to denote the state of well-being in a given region • Somatic Status • Educational Status • Social Status

  6. Drewnowski’s State of Well-being Index • Somatic Status ( Physical development) • Nutritional Status- the diet of the population • Health Status - the absence of chronic diseases amongst the pop. • Life expectancy- average life span of an individual • Physical fitness- the strength and physical endurance of the pop. • A high total physical development leads to a better society because • the country got enough capital to invest in the well-being of the • population.

  7. Educational Status - mental development • Literacy - the % of the population that can read and write • Educational attainment - the number of people in the community • that possessed post secondary/tertiary education as against the • basic education • Congruence of education with manpower needs- does a country • have a quality and talented labor force ? • Employment- the rate of employment in the community, either • full employment or high unemployment rate

  8. Social Status • Integration - people of different social or ethnic groups are able • to live in harmony with one another • Participation- the members of the community are willing to • be involved in the government activities and no one is marginalised

  9. Drewnowski is trying to depict a situation that in any • community the state of well-being of its citizen will determine • the degree of social or economic deficiencies • State of well being can be measured in terms of • Affluence • Sufficiency • Insufficiency • Destitution • Once the basic needs of the individual in a given community are • met, the state of well- being is high, hence PPR does not exist

  10. Another indicators to determine the degree of Well Being • Per Capita Indices - the real incomes that the individual in the • community received that will support his daily needs • Unemployment level - if more people are displaced from their • jobs, the state of well-being will be low • Migration rate - High PPR in a certain region will create a • ‘push’ factors which eventually leads to out-migration

  11. Regional variations with regards to PPR ( economic & social well-being) • In United Kingdom two variables are used to indicate the degree • of economic well-being(PPR) in the country. • Employment level • Earned Incomes Based on these indices, regions that suffer from PPR were identified.

  12. Employment Level • Total unemployment level is determined in order to describe • the existence of ‘deprived ‘ region in UK in 1980 • The total unemployment rate of the various regions in UK • is compared with the national average • Scotland and Northern England fared better than the average • West Midlands and NW regions fared worse than expected • Reasons for existence of economic disparities within regions • the development of North Sea oil • variations in the age and productivity of industrial equipment • unequal effect of an overvalued currency • inappropriate government policy

  13. Earned Incomes ( both in UK and USA) • In the United Kingdom • Close correlation between earned income and industrial • development • In UK, earned income is greater in SE region; related to increase • economic development in the region • Scotland suffered low income due to the declining of main • industries

  14. In United State of America • The level of poverty is detected in certain regions in the States • Agricultural regions have relatively more poverty than the • urban areas • Areas with Black people had higher proportions of poverty

  15. Reasons for this regional disparity in UK and USA • that the magnitude of disparities varies with stage of economic • development • developed regions are more attracted by investors • disparities are related to industrial development • Location influences pattern of disparities

  16. National Variations of Disparities ( PPR) • Disparities between the NORTH (MEDC) and the • SOUTH( LEDC) are significant • The disparities between the two regions can be measured • in terms of calories in-take, school enrolment ratio and GNP • per capita of the population • In Latin America, Africa, Middle East and South East Asia • the minimum daily requirements of about 2000 calories • (low calories in-take) • High calories in-take in North America, Europe and Australia • GNP per capita indicates countries with low calories in-take • Third world countries are the depressed regions of the world

  17. Reasons for global variations • depletion of resources in LEDC through abuse of the • environment by man • Inefficiency use of the resources due to poor technology or • ignorance • the total absence of resources due to natural causes

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