Stages in the Development of European Societies

1. Stages in the Development of European Societies * Agrarian * Industrial * Service * Knowledge Although linear, these occurred unevenly across the continent

2. The Forces that shaped European "Modernity" * The Enlightenment (intellectual) * Industrialisation (economic) * Social structures (class, religion, gender organisation)

3. The Enlightenment-18th Century * Rational understanding of the world (science, nature, society) (Spinoza, Locke, Newton, Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Comte, etc.) * Discourses of liberation/emancipation and freedom (French and American Revolutions) * Idea of progress * Social as well as physical engineering (welfare state, poor laws)

4. Industrialisationmid-18th->mid-19th centuries * Creation of industrial centres * Movement from the land * Transformation of agriculture * Rationalisation of tasks * Separation of home and work * Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: "community" and "society"

5. Social Structures * Religion: Roman Catholic v. Protestant v. Judaism/Orthodoxy * Family/gender organisation: neo-local nuclear family, late marriage, celibacy, inheritance (Hajnal Line) * Social class: peasants to farmers, industrial working class, middle class, aristocracy and landowners (politics)

6. The Foundation of European"Civilisation" * Roman Law and Greek Democracy * Music, Art, Cinema, Architecture (Gothic, Baroque, Classical) * European Cities (small, compact, good transport infrastructure) * Religion: Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Muslim, and Jewish * European values: individualism, equality, and social solidarity (regulated capitalism) * Intellectual movements (the Enlightenment, Positivism, Romanticism) * Secularisation

7. The Origins of Citizenship * Greeks: small number of men to maintain democracy based on genealogy * Romans: privileged group of people in Rome but NOT ethnically based * Medieval period: urban dwellers

8. Political Landmarks * French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1789 onwards) * Rise of nation-states (19th Century) * Rise of ideologies (Socialism/Communism, Fascism) * First World War/Second World War * Russian Revolution * Cold War * Velvet Revolutions post 1989

9. The French Revolution and the Rise of Nation-States * Created new idea of liberty, equality, and fraternity, etc. * Opened the way for a new (secular) conception of the state * Romantic movement and rise of nationalism (nation-state based on culture/language)

10. Ideologies Socialism: Movement from 19th century to give power to the working classes. Influential across Europe. Foundation of Welfare state Communism: Based onthe works of Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Centralised control of means of production by political party claiming to represent the working classes Fascism/National Socialism: Italy, Germany, Austria, Romania, Hungary. Idea of nationalist movement with centralised control of society

11. A Clash of Ideologies * For much of the 20th century Europe was divided into two by the Iron Curtain. * West: Nation-states, consolidation of the supranational EU, post-war prosperity, growth of welfare state. Movement to late modernity. Various economic crises * East: fast modernisation into the industrial era but then stuck there (arrested modernisation). Welfare state but lack of resources. Resources went into arms race, leading to economic crisis. Lack of confidence in the system by 1980s

12. Velvet/Gentle Revolution(sametová revoluce/nežná revolúcia) * 1980s: Perestroika (перестройка-reorganisation), Glasnost (гласность-openness) * 1989: Opening of Hungarian/Austrian border and flow of East Germans to the West * Collapse of communism: Demonstrations in Wenceslas Square/Solidarity movement in Poland/Grey capitalism in Hungary through second economy/Armed uprising in Romania/Singing revolutions in the Baltic states * 1990s: Civil war in the Balkans (disintegration of Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia) * 1991: Dissolution of Soviet Union. Creation of nation-states and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

13. Problems of post-Communism * Economic crisis worsened in post-communist countries (unemployment, poverty, collapse of welfare state) * Civil wars erupted (Yugoslavia, Moldova, Armenia, and Georgia) * Break-up of states (Czechoslovakia) * Political transition difficult (many political parties, no mass movements, anti-politics) * Slow development of civil society * Solved by some countries joining the EU in 2004/2007 (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia)

14. Different models of citizenship across Europe Citizenship debate became a debate about who is entitled to belong to the national community * Germany: blood descent (jus sanguinis) * France: citizenship by birth (jus soli) * UK: no citizens only subjects until 1981 * Estonia: language requirement

15. Ideas of Citizenship * Civic (1700s) * Political (1800s) * Social (1900s) Citizenship a slow evolution associated with modernisation T. H. Marshall, "Citizenship and Social Class", 1950 Criticism: actually only a descriptive model based on the "English" experience

16. Citizenship(s) in Europe Levels of citizenship: * Members of national community (passport) * Non-resident members of national community * EU nationals * Third country nationals * Guest workers * Students/visitors * Business people * Refugees and asylum seekers * Illegal migrants

17. EU Citizenship 1957: Treaty of Rome EEC (European Economic Community) 1986: Single Europe Act European Political community founded (European Community) 1992: Treaty of Union (Maastricht Treaty) Established freedom of movement for workers. Social policy came into being (EU) 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam consolidated EU and EC. Rights of citizens included, European Parliament strengthened, common policy on immigration (for some countries) and on foreign policy and security 2000: Charter of Fundamental Rights 2001: Treaty of Nice, Citizenship rights consolidated comprising: dignity,freedom, equality, solidarity, justice European Court of Justice becoming evermore important as rights established on a case-by-case basis (e.g. rights of non-workers) Rights of EU citizen mainly those of nation-state in reciprocal agreements, but these have been gradually enlarged.

18. Citizenship models: universalist v. particularist • * Universalist model: human rights are universal. Guaranteed by constitution. We should abandon particularist affiliations and ally ourselves to the constitution "constitutional patriotism" * Particularist model: citizenship important part of construction of nation-state and democracy (voting and participation). A sense of belonging. EU citizenship should be minimal with citizens constructed through national affiliations.

19. How to createa European Citizen 1. Legal and other protections on universalist basis (European Courts) 2. Creating communities of interests to control the state and prevent oppression (e.g. Trades Unions, NGOs) 3. Creation of a people (demos) with shared set of values, depends on concept of nationality

20. Perspectives on Citizenship * Liberal: citizenship as set of rights * Communitarian: citizenship as belonging to a particular community * Republican: citizenship as participation, need for social capital and avenues of participation * Cosmopolitan: takes into account national differences within a universalistic framework. (Delanty) Bellamy, R., Citizenship: A Very Short Introduction, 2008

21. The Rights of an EU Citizen “Citizenship of the Union shall complement and NOT replace national citizenship” (Article 17, EC Treaty) * Right to residence and free movement * Right to vote or stand in local and European elections (not national ones) * Right to diplomatic and consular protection in a third country * Right to petition the parliament, right to Ombudsman, and EU institutions in your own language.

22. Challenges to citizenship * Post-national citizenship – EU rights * Post-national citizenship – Human rights/Civil Rights/UN Convention etc. * International tribunals – override national ones * Maintained by international civil society? * Immigration * Crisis of welfare state

23. Chronology of Widening Inspired by Churchill, Schuman, Adenauer, and Monnet to avoid future conflicts * 1950s: Started as C&SC with just 6 members: Benelux, D, F, and I * 1973: Denmark, Ireland, and the UK * 1980s: Greece, Portugal, and Spain * 1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden * 2004: Eastward enlargement (10 states) * 2007: Romania and Bulgaria joined * 2013: Croatia * Macedonia? Turkey?

24. Chronology of Deepening 1957: Treaty of Rome founding of European Economic Community 1986: Single European Act, first step to single European market and Political Co-operation (EC) 1992: Maastricht Treaty established the European Union Justice and Home Affairs added and Common Foreign and security policy (EU) 1993: Copenhagen Agreement defined who was eligible to join. 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam making EU more democratic 2002: Euro instituted 2001: Lisbon Agenda, to make Europe the most competitive economy in world but with equality and justice built in. We have made Europe, now we need to make Europeans

25. Social Europe European social model * Social dialogue: industrial relations, strong role of TUs, regulation of the workplace. * Social welfare: social expenditure and transfers, smoothing out life course risks, comprehensive welfare states either existing or being introduced. * Equality: commitment to gender equality, combating social exclusion, representation of minorities. * Environmentalism: recycling, awareness of society-nature relationships, green lobby, public transport

26. Eastern/Western Social Model * Eastern European communist legacy, control of economy and state paternalism * Competing with the west * Many things socialised (health, housing, education, etc.) form of modernisation * Rapid urbanisation and creation of industrial working class but no negotiating power

27. Supranational Europe * Eroded the authority of nation-states * Evolution of co-operation with continual crises * Various things can only be tackled at supranational level (crime, migration, environment) * Post-national identity? * Cosmopolitan identity?

28. READINGS * Bauböck, R., Why European Citizenship? Normative Approaches to Supranational Union, Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 2007. 8:2, 452-488 http://portal.mahkamahkonstitusi.go.id/eLaw/mg58ufsc89hrsg/why_european_citizenship.pdf * Cederman, L-E., Nationalism and Bounded Integration..., EUI Working Papers RSC. 2000. No. 34, European University Institute. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/1674/00_34.pdf * Cerutti, F., A Political Identity of the Europeans?, Thesis Eleven. 2003. 72: 26-45 http://www.freewebs.com/joshanica/Political%20Identity%20of%20Europeans.pdf * Lehning, P., European Citizenship: Towards a European Identity, Law and Philosophy. 2001. 20: 239–282. http://german.lss.wisc.edu/new_web/sites/ces.wisc.edu/files/lehning.pdf * Walkenhorst, H., Constructing the European identity, Trap or gap? Limerick Papers in Politics and Public Administration. 2008, No. 1 http://www.ul.ie/ppa/content/files/Walkenhorst_constructing.pdf * Weiler, J., To be European Citizen – Eros and Civilization, Working Paper Series in European Studies, University of Wisconsin. 1998 http://german.lss.wisc.edu/new_web/sites/www.uw-madison-ces.wisc.edu/files/weiler.pdf