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Understanding Classification, Taxonomy, and Ontology

Learn the differences between classifications, taxonomies, and ontologies along with key examples and applications in various fields. Compare their structures, relationships, and uses in organizing information effectively. Discover essential existing ontologies and management tools like Protégé.

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Understanding Classification, Taxonomy, and Ontology

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  1. Classifications, Taxonomies, Ontologies, Thesauri The following three terms: classifications, taxonomies and ontologies are often confused. This is caused by a trend to use the most fashionable of the three terms “ontology”.

  2. Classification: Definition Merriam-Webster definition: systematic arrangement in groups or categories according to established criteria. An example of a classification would be the division of all plants in the classes decorative and non-decorative.

  3. Taxonomy: Definition Longman definition: the process or a system of organizing things into different groups that show their natural relationships, especially plants or animals Meriam-Webster definition: orderly classification of plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships A taxonomy can described as (hierarchical) classification of items created according to data internal criteria.

  4. Ontology: Yet Another Definition "The term ontology has many meanings and shades of meaning. In the contest of this work*, we refer to what is sometimes called a "structural" ontology -- a machine readable set of definitions that create a taxonomy of classes and subclasses and relationships between them.“ * Web Ontology (WebONT) Working Group Charter at http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/charter

  5. Classifications and Taxonomies: Comparison Taxonomies are classifications that: • have hierarchical structure • list items that are organised according to their natural relationships

  6. Taxonomies and Ontologies Most ontologies could be described as taxonomies + definitions + various properties and relations (rather than just taxonomic, i.e., is_a, relations)

  7. Thesauri and Ontologies Nowadays, thesaurus most commenly means a listing of words with similar, related, or opposite meanings. "A formal definition of a thesaurus designed for indexing is: • a list of every important term (single-word or multi-word) in a given domain of knowledge; and • a set of related terms for each term in the list.“* "In Information Technology, a thesaurus represents a database or list of semantically orthogonal topical search keys. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, a thesaurus may sometimes be referred to as an ontology.“* Additional reading: http://www.metamodel.com/article.php?story=20030115211223271 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus

  8. Animal Kingdom Taxonomy • Kingdom, class, order, genus, species • Gray wolves are dogs. Dogs are carnivore. Carnivores are mammals. Mammals are animals. • National Center for Biotechnology Information (US): • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/

  9. Ontology Management and Maintenance Tools Protégé is a free, open source ontology editor and knowledge-base framework. Protégé ontologies can be exported into a variety of formats including RDF(S), OWL, and XML Schema. For more cf.: http://protege.stanford.edu/

  10. Protege Tutorial Some tutorials: http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontology101-noy-mcguinness.html http://www-smi.stanford.edu/projects/protege/amia2003/AMIA2003Tutorial.ppt http://protege.stanford.edu/doc/users.html#tutorials

  11. Some Important Existing Ontologies • Cyc: http://www.opencyc.org/ http://www.cycfoundation.org/ • Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO): http://www.ontologyportal.org/ • WordNet Lexical reference system: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ • Gene Ontology: http://www.geneontology.org/ • Foundational, Core and Linguistic Ontologies: http://www.loa-cnr.it/Ontologies.html

  12. Last but not Least Ontoverse: www.ontoverse.org http://www.ontoverse.org/de/grundlagen/grundlagen_1.html

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