Introduction to Accounting and Business

1. Introduction to Accounting and Business After studying this handout, you should be able to: Describe the nature of a business and the role of accounting in business. Summarize the development of accounting principles and relate them to practice. State the accounting equation and define each element of the equation. Describe and illustrate how business transactions can be recorded in terms of the resulting change in the basic elements of the accounting equation. Describe the financial statements of a proprietorship

2. ServiceBusinessService Sabot Transportation African Sun Hotels Hospitality and lodging ZB Bank Financial services Star FM Radio Broadcasting Objective #1 - Describe the nature of a business and the role of accounting in business. 0 1-1 Types of Businesses

3. Merchandising BusinessProduct OK-Mart General merchandise Topics Clothing 0 1-1 Types of Businesses

4. Manufacturing BusinessProduct National Foods Foodstuffs Samsung Electrical Appliances KDV Bedding 0 1-1 Types of Businesses

5. 0 Accountingcan be defined as aninformation system that provides reports to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition of a business. 1-1 Who are stakeholders? – anyone or any entity that has an interest in the economic performance and well-being of a business Bankers and other creditors – need to ensure that the business has the ability to repay loans, and on a timely basis Suppliers – need to ensure their customer (the business) will be around to purchase their supplies and then be able to pay for them Customers – are interested in the business to determine if they will always be around to provide a constant flow of goods and services Government – need to ensure that the business pays the correct amount of taxes Employees and Management– need to ensure that the business is doing well so that they will have a job

6. 0 Different types of Accounting 1-1 Financial accounting is primarily concerned with the recording & reporting of economic data and activities for a business to external parties. Managerial accounting uses both financial accounting and estimated data to aid management in running day-to-day operations and in planning future operations. Accountants employed by a business firm or a not-for-profit organization are said to be employed in private accounting. E.g. CFO, Controller, or Financial Analyst of Pepsico Accountants and their staff who provide services to the public (i.e. individuals and corporations) on a fee basis are said to be employed in public accounting. E.g. PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, KPMG, Deloitte

7. Objective #2 - Summarize the development of accounting principles and relate them to practice. 0 1-2 GAAP – Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. These are the rules that govern how businesses record and report financial transactions IASB – International Accounting Standards Board. This body is the one responsible for preparing International GAAP, which is also known as ‘International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)’ The business entity conceptlimits the economic data in the accounting system to data related directly to the activities of the business. – i.e.nothing personal unless it has been given/assigned to the business The cost concept is the basis for entering the exchange price, or cost of an acquisition in the accounting records. – e.g. what was paid for it.

8. 0 1-1 Common Forms of Business Entities • Proprietorship • Partnership • Limited liability company

9. 0 A proprietorshipis owned by one individual and— 1-1 • Requires low cost of organizing. • Is limited to financial resources of the owner. • Is used by small businesses. A partnershipis similar to a proprietorship except that it is owned by two or more individuals and— • Combines the skills and resources of more than one person.

10. 0 1-1 A limited liability company(LLC)incorporates some aspects of a partnership. The company is treated as a separate legal entity .A limited liability company: • Is a popular alternative to a partnership. • Has tax and liability advantages to the owners

11. Objective #3 - State the accounting equation and define each element of the equation. 0 1-3 The Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity The resources owned by a business The rights of the owners The rights of the creditors, which represent debts of the business

12. Objective #4 - Describe and illustrate how business transactions can be recorded in terms of the resulting change in the basic elements of the accounting equation. 0 1-4 A business transaction is an economic event or condition that directly changes an entity’s financial condition or directly affects its results of operations. On November 1, 2007, Chris Clark begins a business that will be known as NetSolutions. This business provides web design services, and computer repair services etc.

13. Assets Owner’s Equity = Cash 25,000 = a. 0 1-4 Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Investment by Chris Clark a. Chris Clark deposits $25,000 in a bank account in the name of NetSolutions.

14. Bal. 5,000 20,000 25,000 0 1-4 Assets Owner’s Equity = Chris Clark, Capital 25,000 Cash + Land 25,000 Bal. = b. –20,000 +20,000 b. NetSolutions purchased land for $20,000.

15. 0 +1,350 +1,350 c. Bal. 5,000 1,350 20,000 1,350 25,000 1-4 Owner’s Liabilities + Equity Assets Accounts Chris Clark, Cash + Supplies + Land Payable Capital = Bal. 5,000 20,000 25,000 c. During the month, NetSolutions purchased supplies for $1,350 and agreed to pay the supplier in the near future (on account). Note – these supplies e.g. wires, cables etc, will be used up later in the business

16. 1-4 Revenue and expenses • A company earns revenues by • selling products - Sales • providing services - Fees Earned • renting out premises - Rent Revenue • lending money - Interest Revenue The amounts used in earning revenue are called expenses. Note: Expenses that have paid for (or incurred) but not yet been used up are referred to as prepaid expenses e.g. supplies. When these prepaid expenses have been used up, they will then become regular expenses e.g.supplies expenses

17. 0 0 d. +7,500 1-4 Assets Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Cash + Supplies + Land Accounts Chris Clark, Fees Payable Capital + Earned + Bal. 5,000 1,350 20,000 1,350 25,000 +7,500 = Bal. 12,500 1,350 20,000 1,350 25,000 7,500 d. NetSolutions provided services to customers, earning fees of $7,500 and received the amount in cash. Note – If the customers did not pay immediately, but opted to pay on account ( i.e. at a later date), then the asset that would have been increased would have been accounts receivable

18. 0 1-4 Note………. • Adding expenses to the owner’s equity section results in a space problem. To adjust for these added headings, the word “Bal.” has been omitted from some slides. The bottom row still provides the balances after each transaction. • Beginning with entry (e) the asset section will be shown first, then the liabilities and owner’s equity will be shown in the following slide.

19. Bal. 8,850 1,350 20,000 0 1-4 Assets Cash + Supplies + Land Bal. 12,500 1,350 20,000 e. –3,650 e. NetSolutions paid the following expenses: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275.

20. e. –2,125 –800 –450 –275 1,350 25,000 7,500 –2,125 –800 –450 –275 0 1-4 Liabilities +Owner’s Equity Accounts Chris Clark, Fees Wages Rent Utilities Misc. Payable + Capital + Earned Expense Expense Expense Expense 1,350 25,000 7,500 e. NetSolutions paid the following expenses: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275.

21. Bal. 7,900 1,350 20,000 0 1-4 Assets Cash + Supplies + Land Bal. 8,850 1,350 20,000 f. –950 f. NetSolutions paid $950 to creditors during the month.

22. f. –950 400 25,000 7,500 –2,125 –800 –450 –275 0 1-4 Liabilities +Owner’s Equity Accounts Chris Clark, Fees Wages Rent Utilities Misc. Payable + Capital + Earned Expense Expense Expense Expense –2,125 –800 –450 –275 1,350 25,000 7,500 f. NetSolutions paid $950 to creditors during the month.

23. Bal. 7,900 550 20,000 0 1-4 Assets Cash + Supplies + Land Bal. 7,900 1,350 20,000 g. –800 g. At the end of the month, the cost of supplies on hand is $550, so $800 of supplies must have been used up

24. g. –800 400 25,000 7,500 –2,125 –800 –800 –450 –275 0 1-4 Liabilities +Owner’s Equity Accounts Chris Clark, Fees Wages Rent Supplies Util. Misc. Payable + Capital + Earned Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. 400 25,000 7,500 –2,125 –800 –450 –275 g. At the end of the month, the cost of supplies on hand is $550, so $800 of supplies must have been used up

25. Bal. 5,900 550 20,000 0 1-4 Assets Cash + Supplies + Land Bal. 7,900 550 20,000 h. –2,000 h. At the end of the month, Chris withdrew $2,000 in cash from the business for personal use.

26. h. –2,000 400 25,000 –2,000 7,500 –2,125 –800 –800 –450 –275 0 1-4 Liabilities +Owner’s Equity Accounts Chris Clark, Chris Clark Fees Wages Rent Supplies Util. Misc. Payable + Capital + Drawing Earned Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. 400 25,000 7,500 –2,125 –800 –800 –450 –275 h. At the end of the month, Chris withdrew $2,000 in cash from the business for personal use.

27. Summary

28. Decreased by Increased by Owner’s withdrawals Expenses Owner’s investments Revenues 0 1-4 Owner’s Equity

29. Objective #5 - Describe the financial statements of a proprietorship and explain how they interrelate. 0 1-5 Accounting reports, called financial statements, provide summarized information to the owner. • The 4 common financial statements are prepared in the following order: • Statement of Profit or loss and other Comprehensive Income • Statement of Owner’s Equity • Statement of financial position • Statement of Cash Flows

30. 1-5 The statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income is a summary of the revenue and expenses for a specific period of time, such as a month or a year. The income statement is based on the matching concept. This concept is applied by matching expenses with the revenues they generated, only during the period that those revenues were generated. Note - The excess of revenue over the expenses is called netincomeor net profit. If the expenses exceed the revenue, the difference is anet loss.

31. 0 Statement of profit or loss & OCI 1-5 Net income is carried to the statement of owner’s equity

32. 0 1-5 A statement of owner’s equity is a summary of the changes in the owner’s equity that have occurred during a specific period of time.

33. 0 Statement of Owner’s Equity 1-5 From the income statement To the Statement of financial position

34. 0 1-5 A Statement of financial position is a list of the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity as of a specific date.

35. 0 Statement of financial position 1-5 This amount is compared to the net cash flow on the statement of cash flows From the statement of owner’s equity

36. 0 1-5 A statement of cash flows is a summary of the cash receipts and payments for a specific period of time. Note - It basically shows how the company spent its money, and the sources from which it received money.

37. 0 Statement of Cash Flows 1-5 This amount should match Cash on the SOFP

38. 0 1-5 Example Exercise 1-4, 1-5 & 1-6 The assets and liabilities of Chickadee Travel Service at April 30, 2010, the end of the current year, and its revenue and expenses for the year are listed below. The capital of the owner, Adam Cellini, was $80,000 at May 1, 2009, the beginning of the current year. Accounts payable $ 12,200 Miscellaneous expense $ 12,950 Accounts receivable 31,350 Office expense 63,000 Cash 53,050 Supplies 3,350 Fees earned 263,200 Wages expense 131,700 Land 80,000 Adam Cellini invested an additional $50,000 in the business during the year and withdrew cash of $30,000 for personal use. For the current year ended April 30, 2010. a. Prepare an income statement b. Prepare a statement of owner’s equity c. Prepare a Statement of financial position

39. 0 1-5 Example Exercise 1-4 & 1-5 Example Exercise 1-4, 1-5 & 1-6 CHICKADEE TRAVEL SERVICE INCOME STATEMENT For the Year Ended April 30, 2010 Fees earned $263,200 Expenses: Wages expense $131,700 Office expense 63,000 Miscellaneous expense 12,950 Total expenses 207,650 Net income $ 55,550

40. 0 1-5 Example Exercise 1-4, 1-5 & 1-6 CHICKADEE TRAVEL SERVICE STATEMENT OF OWNER’S EQUITY For the Year Ended April 30, 2010 Adam Cellini, capital, May 1, 2009 $ 80,000 Additional investment by owner during year $ 50,000 Net income for the year 55,550 $105,550 Less withdrawals 30,000 Increase in owner’s equity 75,550 Adam Cellini, capital, April 30, 2010 $155,550

41. 0 1-5 Statement of financial position The account form of Statement of financial position lists the assets on the left and the liabilities and owner’s equity on the right—similar to design of an account. The report form of Statement of financial position presents the liabilities and owner’s equity sections below the assets section.

42. CHICKADEE TRAVEL SERVICE Statement of financial position April 30, 2010 Assets Liabilities Cash $ 53,050 Accounts payable $12,200 Accounts receivable 31,350 Supplies 3,350 Owner’s Equity Land 80,000 Adam Cellini, capital 155,550 Total assets $167,750 Total liab. & owner’s eq. $167,750 0 1-5 Example Exercise 1-4, 1-5 & 1-6

43. 0 1-5 Statement of Cash Flows The statement of cash flows consists of three sections: • Operating activities • Investing activities • Financing activities

44. 0 1-5 The cash flows from operating activities section reports a summary of cash receipts and cash payments from operations. The cash flows from investing activities section reports the cash transactions for the acquisition and sale of relatively permanent assets. The cash flows from financing activities section reports the cash transactions related to cash investments by the owner, borrowings, and cash withdrawals by the owner.

45. Example Exercise 1-7 0 1-5 A summary of cash flows for Chickadee Travel Service for the year ended April 30, 2010, is shown below. Cash receipts: Cash received from customers $251,000 Cash received from additional investment of owner 50,000 Cash payments: Cash paid for expenses 210,000 Cash paid for land 80,000 Cash paid to owner for personal use 30,000 The cash balance as of May 1, 2009, was $72,050. Prepare a statement of cash flows for Chickadee Travel Service for the year ended April 30, 2010.

46. Follow My Example 1-7 0 CHICKADEE TRAVEL SERVICE STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS For the Year Ended April 30, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities: Cash received from customers $251,000 Deduct cash payments for expenses 210,000 Net cash flows from operating activities $ 41,000 Cash flows from investing activities: Cash payments for purchase of land (80,000) Cash flows from financing activities: Cash received from owner as investment $ 50,000 Deduct cash withdrawals by owner 30,000 Net cash flows from financing activities 20,000 Net decrease in cash during year $(19,000) Cash as of May 1, 2009 72,050 Cash as of April 30, 2010 $ 53,050

47. Ratio of Liabilities to Owner’s Equity $400 $26,050 = 5 Financial Analysis and Interpretation Ratio of Liabilities to Owner’s Equity Total Liabilities Total Owner’s Equity (or Total Stockholders’ Equity) = For NetSolutions: = 0.015