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Supernovae and Dark Energy

Dark Matter. Matter. Dark Energy. Supernovae and Dark Energy. SNIa Similarity and Diversity. SN1a are standardizable candles: Bright = slow Dim = fast One parameter yields 10% luminosity distances. B V I. Luminosity Distance and Cosmological Parameters.

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Supernovae and Dark Energy

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  1. Dark Matter Matter Dark Energy Supernovae and Dark Energy

  2. SNIa Similarity and Diversity SN1a are standardizable candles: Bright = slow Dim = fast One parameter yields 10% luminosity distances B V I

  3. Luminosity Distance and Cosmological Parameters (Impress the ignorant) (See what’s going on)

  4. Z=1.0 Z=0.5 Z=1.5 Luminosity Distances: 0.5 < z < 1.5 Z  (m-M) 0.5 0.13 +/- 0.05 1.0 0.00 +/- 0.08 1.5 -0.10 +/- 0.10 (speculative!)

  5. SNIa – Results in 1998

  6. SNIa - Results in 2003

  7. Constraints on M, , and w 2dF: Mh = 0.2 ± 0.03 KP: h = 0.72 ± 0.08

  8. Higher z with ACS and GOODS (Adam Riess, PI) 5 z-band epochs, spaced by 45 days, simultaneous v,i band, 120 tiles CDFS=08/02-02/03 HDFN=11/02-05/03

  9. CDFS 2002kc (0.214) 2002fw (1.3) 2002hq (0.74) 2002kb (0.474) 2002fz (0.839) 2002hr (0.526) 2003ak (1.57) 2002lg (0.61) 2002kd (0.735) 2003aj (1.4) 2002fy (0.88) 2002hp (1.3) 2002ga (0.988) 2002ht (?) 2002hs (0.388) 2002fv (~1.0) 2002fx (~1.8) 2003al (0.91) 2002ke (0.578) HDFN 2003eq (0.85) 2003dz (0.48) 2003en (0.54) Vilas (0.86) 2003dy (1.37) 2002kl (0.39) 2003er (0.63) 2003be (0.64) 2003dx (0.46) 2003bd (0.67) 2003ea (0.89) 2003bb (0.89) 2003bc (0.51) 2003eb (0.92) 2003ew (0.66) 2003es (0.968) 2003eu (0.76) 2003az (1.27) 2003en (0.54) 2003ba (0.47) 2002ki (1.14) 2002kh (0.71) 2003et (0.83)

  10. Aphrodite: ACS Delivers! Aphrodite (z=1.3) ACS F850lp ACS grism spectrum NICMOS F110W viz

  11. discovery Images Subtractions Thoth: Hidden by its Host red, elliptical host z=1.3

  12. discovery ~+10 days ~+20 days ACS f850lp NICMOS F110W F160W Gilgamesh z=1.6

  13. HST: Crucial for z > 1! HST+ACS: z=1.30 Ground-based z=1.06 z=1.20

  14. The New SN Ia Hubble Diagram 6 of the 7 highest redshift SNIa 97ff

  15. The Cosmic Acceleration Persists

  16. … and the Contours for  Shrink.

  17. present acceleration past deceleration The Nature of Dark Energy • What is this stuff??? • Three clues: • Quantity  (flat?) • Quality w (-1?) • Constancy dw/dt (0?) w w

  18. SNIa Progenitors and Gestation Still a big mystery! Dahlen et al. 2004 Strolger et al. 2004

  19. Essential for w0, w’ constraints Progess in systematics: Host galaxies Colors (rest frame UV) SNxx contamination Spectra Evolution Progenitors and IC’s Want >10,000, need 1000 Wide field, optical colors Essential for w0, w’ constraints Immunity to systematics Want 300, need 30 Use z, J, H, and grism Challenge is improving search efficiency d z 1 Progress on Dark Energy using SNIa z < 1 Ground based z > 1 HST only

  20. Ground-based Searches

  21. SNIa Distances without Redshifts Barris et al. 2004

  22. SNIa Distances without Redshifts Barris et al. 2004

  23. The Near Future with HST PANS: Probing Acceleration Now with Supernovae 270 Orbits in Cycle 13 P.I. Riess (STScI) “Importance of Supernovae at z > 1.5 to Probe Dark Energy” Linder and Huterer 2003

  24. The Nature of Dark Energy, II • Cosmological Constant • Consistent with the observations at 1- • All theorists hate it • PANS will make life very interesting for theorists! w

  25. Filter Mechanism CCD Heat Pipes Calibration Door Mechanism M3 M1 M1 Corrector Mechanism Pick Off Mirror Shutter Mechanism Hubble Ultra-Wide-Field Imager • Performance: • 90 min2 = 8 x ACS, same sensitivity • Expect 1 SNIa per pointing per orbit • efficient, continuous search possible HUFI (90 arcmin2)

  26. Three Futures • No servicing; HST dies in 2008 • Our ~30 SNIa at z>1 remain a legacy for next 10 years of ground based observation (restricted to z<1) •  (DE, w0, w’) = (0.1, 0.3, 0.8) • HST sleeps in 2007; RM1 in 2009; WFC3 installed • Search CDF and HDF with WF3 / IR. Find SNIa at 1.3 < z < 2.0 at a rate of one per 10 – 20 orbits? ACS parallels? JWST??? •  (DE, w0, w’) = (0.05, 0.2, 0.4) • RM2 in 2012 to prove robotics technology for NASA • HUFI-red finds SNIa at 1.0 < z < 1.8 at a rate of 1 – 2 per orbit, IR light curves from WF3 and JWST, redshifts from JWST •  (DE, w0, w’) = (0.05, 0.1, 0.2)

  27. Phase Space of Supernova Dark Energy Surveys Panstars/LSST? Kait/SN Factory JDEM/SNAP? ~2015-2020 C F H T L SDSS ESSENCE HST/PANS Current Published SNe

  28. Uninteresting (avoidable) Photometry error (0.03 0.01) UV SEDs (0.05  0.00) Poor LC coverage (0.04  0.00) Host extinction (0.06  0.03) Supernova Systematics • Interesting (intrinsic) • SN1a: progenitor, initial conditions, trigger (z) • Host extinction and properties (z) • Gravitational lensing (z) • Transparency of IGM (z)

  29. Theoretical Models for SNIa Luminosity-decline rate Turbulent flame consuming a white dwarf Spectra Niemeyer et al. Hoeflich et al.

  30. What Causes the Diversity? • Progenitors may have different • Mass (luminosity ~ 56Ni mass) • Metallicity (Z   n   56Ni ) • Age (22Ne sedimentation?) • Binary companion (???) • Mass transfer mechanism (???) • Explosion may have different • Trigger mechanism (???) • Propagation (deflagration/detonation, “weather”, etc) • Good news: • Chandresekhar mass and NSE make explosions quite uniform (~50% and 1 parameter gets us to ~20%) • Bad news: • Plenty of room for unknown systematics at the 2% level

  31. Offsets from Empty Universe Z = 0.5

  32. Offsets from Empty Universe Z = 1.5

  33. SNIa at z = 0.5 Z  (m-M) 0.5 0.13 +/- 0.05

  34. SNIa at z = 1.0 Z  (m-M) 1.0 0.00 +/- 0.08

  35. SNIa at z = 1.5 Z  (m-M) 1.5 -0.10 +/- 0.10 (speculative!)

  36. SNIa at 0.5 < z < 1.0 Z  (m-M) 0.5 0.13 +/- 0.05 1.0 0.00 +/- 0.08

  37. Color Selection: An example z i SN Ia UV deficit v b b z v i SN Ia SN II

  38. Color Discrimination

  39. SN Ia SpectraatHigh-z ACS indicates Ca II @ 3750 A ACS ACS ACS ACS ACS #3 #1 #2 See Riess et al 2003, astro-ph 0308185, and Blakeslee et al 2003, ApJ

  40. z~0.3-0.6, ~5 GYR ago present acceleration past deceleration Expansion Kinematics(How Long Has This Been Going On?)

  41. SNIa Progenitors and Gestation SNIa appear to sleep for 4 Gyr before explosion! Strolger et al. 2004

  42. Fall 2001 Continuous Search Barris et al. 2004

  43. Distance and Redshift from SNIa Photometry Alone Barris et al. 2004

  44. Pan-STARRS Reference Mission 5- limit (AB) Total int. (min)

  45. Science with Pan-STARRS • Moving Object Science • NEO – Near Earth Object threat • OSS/MBO – Main Belt and Other Solar System science • KBO – Kuiper Belt Objects • SOL – Solar Neighborhood (parallaxes and proper motions) • Static and Invariable Object Science • WL – Weak Lensing • LSS – Large Scale Structure • LSB – Low Surface Brightness and dwarf galaxies • SPH – Spheroid formation • EGGS – Extragalactic and Galactic Stellar science • Transient and Variable Object Science • AGN – Active Galactic Nuclei • SNE – Supernovae • GRB – Gamma Ray Bursts and afterglows • EXO – Exoplanets (from occulation) • YSO – Young Stellar Objects • VAR – Variability Science (especially stars) • TGBN (Things that go Bump in the Night)

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