Computer Basics and PC Software Essentials

1. BCSL-013(Computer Basics and PC Software Lab) For 100% Result Oriented IGNOU Coaching and Project Training Call CPD: 011-65164822, 08860352748

2. Input Devices • Input Devices: devices that input information into the computer such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and digital camera.

3. Output Devices • Output: devices that output information from the computer such as a printer and monitor.

4. Central Processing Unit • CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the Computer. • Processor speed: The speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. This is usually measured in megahertz (MHz). • Brands of Processors include: • Pentium • Celeron • MAC • AMD • Cyrix

5. Central Processing Unit • Computer chip: also called the microprocessor may contain an entire processing unit. • Computer chips contain millions of transistors. They are small pieces of semi-conducting material (silicon). • An integrated circuit is embedded in the silicon. Computers are made of many chips on a circuit board.

6. Data Storage Devices • The hard-drive is a mechanical storage device typically located internally. • Fast recording and recovery of data • Large storage capacity • Magnetic • Primary storage device for data and programs • Speed is measured in R.P.M.’s

7. Data Storage Devices (cont’d) • CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) • Approximately 600 to 700 megabyte of storage • An optical device read by a diode laser

8. Software • Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task. • System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. • Operating systems • Utilities

9. System Software • An Operating System(OS) is the master controller within a computer. EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux • An operating system interacts with: • All hardware installed in or connected to a computer system. • All software installed or running from a storage device on a computer system.

10. System Software • Microsoft Windows • Most popular operating system. • Supports a vast array of application software and peripheral devices. • MacOS • For Macintosh computers. • Proprietary system. • Does not have same functionality and support for software and peripheral devices.

11. System Software Utilities • Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities. • Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file. • Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files. • Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files.

12. Application Software • Graphics Creation and Manipulation • Animation and 3D Graphics • Video Editing • Internet Connectivity • Website Creation and Management • Groupware • Financial Management • Educational Games and Tutorials

13. Feature of operating System

14. Providing a User Interface • Graphical user interface (GUI) • Most common interface • Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE • Uses a mouse to control objects • Uses a desktop metaphor • Shortcuts open programs or documents • Open documents have additional objects • Task switching • Dialog boxes allow directed input

15. Graphical User Interface

16. Providing a User Interface • Command line interfaces • Older interface • DOS, Linux, UNIX • User types commands at a prompt • User must remember all commands • Included in all GUIs

17. Command Line Interface

18. Running Programs • Many different applications supported • System call • Provides consistent access to OS features • Share information between programs • Copy and paste • Object Linking and Embedding

19. Managing Hardware • Programs need to access hardware • Interrupts • CPU is stopped • Hardware device is accessed • Device drivers control the hardware

20. Organizing Files and Folders • Organized storage • Long file names • Folders can be created and nested • All storage devices work consistently

21. Features of Micro-Processor

22. Microprocessor Generations • First generation: 1971-78 • Behind the power curve (16-bit, <50k transistors) • Second Generation: 1979-85 • Becoming “real” computers (32-bit , >50k transistors) • Third Generation: 1985-89 • Challenging the “establishment” (Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC, >100k transistors) • Fourth Generation: 1990- • Architectural and performance leadership (64-bit, > 1M transistors, Intel/AMD translate into RISC internally)

23. In the beginning (8-bit) Intel 4004 • First general-purpose, single-chip microprocessor • Shipped in 1971 • 8-bit architecture, 4-bit implementation • 2,300 transistors • Performance < 0.1 MIPS(Million Instructions Per Sec) • 8008: 8-bit implementation in 1972 • 3,500 transistors • First microprocessor-based computer (Micral) • Targeted at laboratory instrumentation • Mostly sold in Europe All chip photos in this talk courtesy of Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University

24. 1st Generation (16-bit) Intel 8086 • Introduced in 1978 • Performance < 0.5 MIPS • New 16-bit architecture • “Assembly language” compatible with 8080 • 29,000 transistors • Includes memory protection, support for Floating Point coprocessor • In 1981, IBM introduces PC • Based on 8088--8-bit bus version of 8086

25. 2nd Generation (32-bit) Motorola 68000 • Major architectural step in microprocessors: • First 32-bit architecture • initial 16-bit implementation • First flat 32-bit address • Support for paging • General-purpose register architecture • Loosely based on PDP-11 minicomputer • First implementation in 1979 • 68,000 transistors • < 1 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) • Used in • Apple Mac • Sun , Silicon Graphics, & Apollo workstations

26. 3rd Generation: MIPS R2000 • Several firsts: • First (commercial) RISC microprocessor • First microprocessor to provide integrated support for instruction & data cache • First pipelined microprocessor (sustains 1 instruction/clock) • Implemented in 1985 • 125,000 transistors • 5-8 MIPS (Million Instructions per Second)

27. 4th Generation (64 bit) MIPS R4000 • First 64-bit architecture • Integrated caches • On-chip • Support for off-chip, secondary cache • Integrated floating point • Implemented in 1991: • Deep pipeline • 1.4M transistors • Initially 100MHz • > 50 MIPS • Intel translates 80x86/ Pentium X instructions into RISC internally